l1ver t0x1c1ty

Question 1

name some liver functions

Answer 1

protein synthesis, bioactivation, detoxification, bile formation

Question 2

what is steatosis?

Answer 2

liver impairment due to abnormal retention of lipids, resulting in accumulation of triglycerides and degeneration of hepatocytes

Question 3

how does ethanol cause steatosis?

Answer 3

increased synthesis of triglycerides, increased NADH, increased triglyceride synthesis, reduced lipoprotein synthesis

Question 4

how does carbon tetrachloride cause steatosis?

Answer 4

free radicals bind to ER, damaging it and inhibiting lipoprotein synthesis

Question 5

how is methylenedianiline (mda) cytotoxic?

Answer 5

amide undergoes further oxidation (N=O) and can bind to liver proteins

Question 6

how does halothane cause liver toxicity?

Answer 6

trifluoroacetyl chloride binds to proteins due to its reactivity, and can cause toxicity in susceptible individuals

Question 7

how does chronic ecstasy use cause liver injury?

Answer 7

quinone formation undergoes further oxidation (O= x2) which can bind to liver proteins

Question 8

what is cholestasis?

Answer 8

obstruction of bile flow in liver cells and bile ducts

Question 9

how can chlorpromazine cause cholestatic jaundice in suspetible patients?

Answer 9

interfering with transport processes of molecules from bile to blood and vice versa

Question 10

what is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 10

formation of fibrous collagen sheaths on liver following repeated chemical injury and repair (eg ethanol)

Question 11

how are carcinogenesis and aflatoxin b1 related?

Answer 11

potent liver carcinogen by epoxide formation on ring, which can bind to lover proteins