kidney failure Flashcards
what is glomerulus filtration rate
rate of fluid entering nephrons
what are monoclonal antibodies
antibodies made from 1 cell type which are specific to one complimentary molecule
what is renal dialysis
artificial regulation of the solute concentration in blood
what is kidney failure
kidney cant regulate water, and remove toxins and waste products cant control mineral concentrations. etc.
how can protein in urine show a gp that there is kidney failure
shows there is a damaged filtration mechanism
what causes kidney failure
hypertension
heart disease
diabetes
what is renal dialysis
a common treatment of kidney failure
a partially permeable membrane dialysis contains correct concentrations needed in blood, therefore if blood is in excess they diffuse into the dialysis
if blood is lacking, contents from dialysis diffuses in
what are the two types of renal dialysis
peritoneal dialysis
haemodialysis
what is haemodialysis
blood from vessel is passed into machine which has a dialysis membrane.
heparin is added to avoid clotting
dialysis fluid flows in opposite direction to blood to create a countercurrent flow
what is added to haemodialysis to avoid clotting of blood
heparin
if a patient is having a kidney transplant, why is it crucial for the kidney to be closely matched to the patient
(capitals= key words are marks in exam)
body will recognise it as FOREIGN
due to DIFFERENT ANTIGENS
causing IMMUNE SYSTEM to attack
explains the need for IMMUNOSUPRESSANT DRUGS
what process is used to detect the presence of anabolic steroids in urine
gas chromotography
what are benefits of anabolic steroids
can build muscle mass
train for longer
can resprie longer
what are disadvantages of anabolic steroids
side effects- depression, infertility, agression
creates unfair advantages
distrust of outstanding performance, not natural
how do pregnancy tests work
Hcg is a glycoprotein/ hormone which is present in urine when person is pregnant
pregnancy tests contain monoclonal antibodies with coloured beads, which are complimentary to the hcg
if hcg is present, the antibodues will move down to the fixed antibodies which hold the beads in place to form a visible line
what happens to pregnancy tests if no hcg is present
the monoclonal antibodies will move to a fixed site to show the test is working, but no hcg is present
what is peritoneal dialysis
uses the own body’s abdominal membrane to filter the blood and remove waste products in body
surgeon has to implant a tube into the abdomen.
The dialysis solution will be poured in and fill the space between the abdominal wall and organs
the solution is then drained from the organs
why does peritoneal dialysis fluid need replacing where as haemodialysis doesnt need replacing
because hd blood is constantly replaces
where as pd if not replaced often, fluid will eventually be equillibrium to the blood and reduce conc gradient
what are the advantages of a kidney transplant
freedom from renal dialysis
improved self image
quality of life improvement
feel physically fitter
what are the disadvantages
need to consistently take immunosupressant drugs and side effects such as high blood pressure
major surgery under anaesthetic
frequent check ups
what do immune suppressant drugs do
prevent body from seeing tissues as foreign and rejecting them by attacking by mistake
how do immunosupressants make someone susceptible to infection
weaken your immune system, cant fight of bacteria or virus etc
how is hcg able to pass into urine
becuase it is a small molecule therefore it can pass through filtrate of blood through the bowmans capsule
why can peritonela dialysis carry out active transport where as haemodialysis cant
the peritoneal wall is made of living cells therefore can produce atp
where as haemodialysis membrane is artificial therefore no atp can be produced and only diffusion can take place
