kidney failure

Question 1

what is glomerulus filtration rate

Answer 1

rate of fluid entering nephrons

Question 2

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 2

antibodies made from 1 cell type which are specific to one complimentary molecule

Question 3

what is renal dialysis

Answer 3

artificial regulation of the solute concentration in blood

Question 4

what is kidney failure

Answer 4

kidney cant regulate water, and remove toxins and waste products cant control mineral concentrations. etc.

Question 5

how can protein in urine show a gp that there is kidney failure

Answer 5

shows there is a damaged filtration mechanism

Question 6

what causes kidney failure

Answer 6

hypertension
heart disease
diabetes

Question 7

what is renal dialysis

Answer 7

a common treatment of kidney failure
a partially permeable membrane dialysis contains correct concentrations needed in blood, therefore if blood is in excess they diffuse into the dialysis
if blood is lacking, contents from dialysis diffuses in

Question 8

what are the two types of renal dialysis

Answer 8

peritoneal dialysis

haemodialysis

Question 9

what is haemodialysis

Answer 9

blood from vessel is passed into machine which has a dialysis membrane.
heparin is added to avoid clotting
dialysis fluid flows in opposite direction to blood to create a countercurrent flow

Question 10

what is added to haemodialysis to avoid clotting of blood

Answer 10

heparin

Question 11

if a patient is having a kidney transplant, why is it crucial for the kidney to be closely matched to the patient

(capitals= key words are marks in exam)

Answer 11

body will recognise it as FOREIGN
due to DIFFERENT ANTIGENS
causing IMMUNE SYSTEM to attack
explains the need for IMMUNOSUPRESSANT DRUGS

Question 12

what process is used to detect the presence of anabolic steroids in urine

Answer 12

gas chromotography

Question 13

what are benefits of anabolic steroids

Answer 13

can build muscle mass
train for longer
can resprie longer

Question 14

what are disadvantages of anabolic steroids

Answer 14

side effects- depression, infertility, agression

creates unfair advantages

distrust of outstanding performance, not natural

Question 15

how do pregnancy tests work

Answer 15

Hcg is a glycoprotein/ hormone which is present in urine when person is pregnant

pregnancy tests contain monoclonal antibodies with coloured beads, which are complimentary to the hcg

if hcg is present, the antibodues will move down to the fixed antibodies which hold the beads in place to form a visible line

Question 16

what happens to pregnancy tests if no hcg is present

Answer 16

the monoclonal antibodies will move to a fixed site to show the test is working, but no hcg is present

Question 17

what is peritoneal dialysis

Answer 17

uses the own body’s abdominal membrane to filter the blood and remove waste products in body

surgeon has to implant a tube into the abdomen.

The dialysis solution will be poured in and fill the space between the abdominal wall and organs

the solution is then drained from the organs

Question 18

why does peritoneal dialysis fluid need replacing where as haemodialysis doesnt need replacing

Answer 18

because hd blood is constantly replaces
where as pd if not replaced often, fluid will eventually be equillibrium to the blood and reduce conc gradient

Question 19

what are the advantages of a kidney transplant

Answer 19

freedom from renal dialysis
improved self image
quality of life improvement
feel physically fitter

Question 20

what are the disadvantages

Answer 20

need to consistently take immunosupressant drugs and side effects such as high blood pressure

major surgery under anaesthetic

frequent check ups

Question 21

what do immune suppressant drugs do

Answer 21

prevent body from seeing tissues as foreign and rejecting them by attacking by mistake

Question 22

how do immunosupressants make someone susceptible to infection

Answer 22

weaken your immune system, cant fight of bacteria or virus etc

Question 23

how is hcg able to pass into urine

Answer 23

becuase it is a small molecule therefore it can pass through filtrate of blood through the bowmans capsule

Question 24

why can peritonela dialysis carry out active transport where as haemodialysis cant

Answer 24

the peritoneal wall is made of living cells therefore can produce atp
where as haemodialysis membrane is artificial therefore no atp can be produced and only diffusion can take place