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Histology Unit 7 > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

renal system

A
  • organs involved- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  • functions:
    1. clears blood of metabolic waste products
    2. regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
    3. produces EPO and renin
    4. hyroxylates vitamin D to an active form
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2
Q

kidney

A
  • situated retroperitoneally on the wall of the abd cavityon either side of the vertebral column
  • hilus
  • sinus
  • renal pelvis
  • major/minor calyces
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3
Q

hilus

A

concave medial border through which the ureter, nerves, blood and lymph vessels pass

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4
Q

renal sinus

A
  • large cavity surrounded by kidney parenchyma
  • contains renal pelvis
  • occupied by loose CT, adipose, blood vessels and nerves
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5
Q

renal pelvis

A

-expansion of upper end of the ureter that subdivides into major and minor calyces

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6
Q

capsule

A

consists of dense irregular CT

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7
Q

renal medulla

A
  • lighter, striated tissue
  • composed of renal pyramid
    1. apices of pyramids (renal papillae) project into minor calyces
    2. tip of each papilla is perforated by openings of collecting ducts
    3. each pyramid together with surrounding cortical tissue constitutes a renal lobe
  • 16-18 lobes
  • medullary rays
  • renal lobule
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8
Q

renal cortex

A
  • dark granular tissue
  • broad outer zone
  • inward extensions (renal columns of bertin)
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9
Q

medullary ray

A

-tissue that projects up into the cortex consisting of collecting tubules and their accompanying proximal and distal tubules

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10
Q

renal lobule

A

-medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue

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11
Q

nephron

A
  • functional unit of kidney
  • corresponds to secretory elements of other glands
  • 2 million per kidney (1?)
  • first part- bowmans capsule through the distal tubule is concerned with forming urine
  • second part-collecting system-carries out final concentration of urinary solutes
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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A
  • thin walled expansion at the proximal end of nephron
  • deeply indented by glomerulus
  • visceral layer is composed of podocytes and covers glomerular caps
  • parietal layer is simple squamous epithelium
  • urinary space exists between visceral and parietal layers
  • glomerular filtration barrier
  • vascular pole is where afferent arteriole enters and efferent leaves
  • urinary pole is where proximal tubule begins
  • renal corpuscle consists of Bowman’s capsule plus glomerulus
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13
Q

glomerular filtration barrier

A

capillary endothelium:

  • fenestrated, no diaphragm
  • shared BM
  • filtration slits between secondary processes of podocytes
  • produces glomerular filtrate
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14
Q

proximal tubule

A
  • convoluted portion close to renal corpuscle or origin
  • straight portion enters medullary ray
  • lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with a conspicuous brush border
  • eosinophilic cyto
  • extensive lateral extensions, cell boundaries are indistinct
  • lumen contains fine precipitated material
  • can be subdivided into 3 segments by electron microscopy
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15
Q

renal corpuscle

A

-bowmans capsule plus glomerulus

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16
Q

loop of henle

A
  • descending straight proximal, thin segment (simple squamous), ascending straight distal
  • located mostly in medulla
  • lining of the descending straight proximal resembles that of of the convoluted protion
17
Q

distal tubule

A
  • ascending straight portion (part of loop of henle), portion adjacent to renal corpuscle, and convoluted part
  • mainly in cortex
  • simple cuboidal without brush border
  • cels are smaller than cells of proximal tubule
  • apical nuclei
  • less eosinophilic than proximal tubule
  • extensive lateral interdigitations
  • no precipitate in lumen
18
Q

collecting tubules and ducts

A
  • tubules in cortex, ducts in medulla
  • epithelium increases in height from cuboidal in tubules to columnar in ducts
  • cells have clear, pale staining cytoplasm
  • intercellular boundaries visible
  • largest ducts communicate with mino calyx at area cribrosa
19
Q

superficial nephron

A
  • cortical

- short loops of henle that extend a short distance into medulla

20
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • long loops of henle that penetrate deep into the medulla

- most important in production of hypertonic urine

21
Q

intermediate nephrons

A

-somewhere in the middle

22
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • responsible for the production of renin
  • located where distal tubule returns to its renal corpuscle of origin
  • macula densa- in wall of distal tubule
  • JG cells
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells
23
Q

JG cells

A

-modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole

24
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A
  • pale staining cells located in the angle between afferent and efferent arterioles
  • play supportive role
  • may provide signal integrating system
25
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and BP
  • when BP falls, JG cells release renin
  • renin converts angiotensinogen (from liver) to angiotensin I
  • angiotensin I to II by ACE in cap endo cells of lungs
  • angiotensin II stimulates the zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland to produce aldosterone
  • aldosterone stimulates distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and water
  • water reabsorption increases fluid volume
  • raises BP
  • angiotensin II also a vasoconstrictor
  • macula densa senses changes in NaCl concentration in distal tubule (high NaCl inhibits renin, low NaCl stimulates renin)
  • renin also has a localized effect on afferent arterioles-provides for single nephron GFR control
26
Q

arterial supply

A
  1. renal artery- enters at hilus and divides into anterior and postero
  2. interlobar arteries- from ant and post divisions
    - run peripherally in renal columns
    - form the arcuate arteries at corticomedullary junctions
  3. arcuate arteries
    - arise from interlobar arteries
    - run parallel to kidney surface
    - give rise to interlobular arteries
  4. interlobular arteries
    - arise from arcuate
    - run radially through cortex
    - give rise to afferent arterioles
  5. afferent arterioles
    - enter renal corpuscles at vascular poles
    - supply glomerular caps
    - site of juxtaglomerular cells
  6. glomerular caps
    - arise from afferent arterioles
    - unite to form efferent arterioles
  7. efferent arterioles
    - leave renal corpuscle at vascular pole
    - give rise to peri-tubular cap network which nourishes proximal and distal tubules
    - give rise to vasa recta
  8. vasa recta
    - make hair pin loops in medullar forming countercurrent system of vessels
27
Q

venous drainage

A
  • closely parallels arterial supply
    1. stellate veins
  • drain caps in capsule and peritubular cap network
  • form interlobular veins
    2. interlobular veins
    3. arcuate veins
    4. interlobar veins
    5. renal vein
  • leaves kidney at hilus
28
Q

EPO

A
  • glycoprotein
  • promotes erythrocyte formation in bone marrow by stimulating proliferation, differentiation, and survival of precursor cells
  • synthesis stimulated by hypoxia due to:
    1. hemorrhage
    2. destruction of RBCs
    3. compromise of pulm function
    4. CHF
    5. high altitude
  • produced by endo cells lining peritubular cap plexus
  • used as anti-anemia drug in anemia of chronic disease, post op anemia, cancer patients
  • neuroprotection, treatment of CVD, induction of bone remodeling by activating osteoclasts
  • erythrocytosis, promotion of tumors?
29
Q

motile cilia

A
  • 9+2 pattern
  • coordinated, wave like beat
  • respiratory tract
30
Q

non motile cilia

A
  • 9+0 pattern
  • found singly on most cells
  • responsive to mechanical and chemical signals
  • sense fluid flow in uriniferous tubules
  • regulate cell proliferation
  • are defective in polycystic kidney disease
31
Q

extra-renal collecting system

A
  • minor/major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
  • all but urethra are similar in histologic structure
32
Q

mucosa

A
  • transitional epithelium:
  • barrier to rapid diffusion of salt ant water
  • gives distensibility to lining layer
  • thickness increases from calyces to bladder
  • superficial cells are large and rounded
  • luminal surface has an angular appearance
  • apical cytoplasm is rich in filaments and flattened vesicles
  • plasma membrane can stretch and contract
  • ATP trigger for stretching
  • 90% of urinary bladder tumors originate in epithelium
  • thin lamina propria of CT
33
Q

muscularis

A
  • loose anastomosing strands of smooth muscle separated by abundant CT
  • thickest in bladder where 3 layers are present
34
Q

adventitia

A
  • composed of CT

- upper part of bladder is covered by serosa (peritoneum)

35
Q

urethra

A

-fibromuscular tube through which urine passes from urinary bladder to exterior

36
Q

male urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
    - from neck of bladder through prostate
    - lined by transitional epi
  2. membranous urethra
    - extends from lower pole of prostate to bulb of corpus spongiousum of penis
    - traverses urogenital and pelvic diaphragms
    - lining varies from transitional to pseudostratified columnar
    - surrounded by external sphincter of bladder
  3. penile urethra
    - passes through corpus spongiousum
    - lined by pseudostratified columnar
    - fossa navicularis has lining of stratified squamous
  4. glands of littre
    - mucous secreting glands that empty into male urethra
    - most abundant in penile urethra
37
Q

female urethra

A
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium, some pseudostratified
  • staghorn shaped lumen
  • thick layer of smooth muscle in wall
  • urethral sphincter in middle part

Histology Unit 7 (4 decks)

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