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K SS 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Were scientists in the 1950s aware of climate change?

A

Yes, to an extent. They were starting to pay attention to climate and rising CO2 levels, but weren’t fully aware of the situation

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2
Q

When was the UN established?

A

in 1946, during the immediate aftermath of WWII

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3
Q

Who were the 2 main countries involved in the Space Race?

A

the US and USSR

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4
Q

When was the Cold War?

A

1946-1991

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5
Q

Who launched the first artificial Earth satellite?

A

the USSR, it was named Sputnik

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6
Q

When was Sputnik launched?

A

1957

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7
Q

How did the US counter Sputnik and the USSR in the Space Race?

A

by investing lots of money and creating their own space program

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8
Q

When did the first human walk on the moon?

A

1969

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9
Q

When did the US land a person on the moon, declaring their victory in the Space Race?

A

1969

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10
Q

What does NASA stand for?

A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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11
Q

When was NASA founded?

A

1958

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12
Q

What is a research program?

A

a program where people spend their time and resource to purse a collaborative research agenda

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13
Q

What does WCRP stand for?

A

World Climate Research Programme

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14
Q

What does IGBP stand for?

A

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

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15
Q

WHen was the WCRP founded?

A

1979

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16
Q

When was the IGBP founded?

A

1987

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17
Q

What do the WCRP and IGBP have in common?

A

they are both research programs in the study of climate change

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18
Q

What was the ICSU a key contributor of back in the 50s?

A

it was a key contributor to our understanding of climate change

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19
Q

What did Lloyd Berkner suggest ICSU do in 1952?

A

Berkner suggested they begin a systematic and comprehensive study of geophysical activities over a period of time

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20
Q

Berkner’s suggestion in 1952 led to what being created?

A

the International GeoPhsyical Year (IGY) from 1957-1958

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21
Q

When was the IGY?

A

July 1957 - Dec. 1958

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22
Q

What was the IGY?

A

a year that was selected to correspond with a high point in the 11 years cycle of sunspot activity

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23
Q

The IGY was a foundational for the launch of what program?

A

NASA, and the US space program in general

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24
Q

How did the IGY affect our understanding of climate change?

A

it provided the support for what would become a key observation in the development of the understanding of climate change

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25
Q

As a part of a big study, Charles David Keeling begin to do what in 1958?

A

he started regularly check CO2 levels in the air

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26
Q

Where would Keeling check CO2 levels from?

A

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

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27
Q

Who was Bert Bolin?

A

a Swedish meterologist

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28
Q

Why did Bolin travel to Washington D.C. in 1959?

A

to alert the National Academy of Sciences that the increasing CO2 levels could have serious consequences

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29
Q

When did Bolin travel to Washington D.C. to alert of CO2 consequences?

A

1959

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30
Q

When did Keeling release his data of CO2 levels that he had been regularly checking?

A

1961

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31
Q

What did Keeling’s CO2 report in 1961 show?

A

it showed that CO2 levels in the air were rising

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32
Q

Keeling’s initial CO2 report released in 1961 are know as what?

A

Keeling Curve

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33
Q

When did Bolin become the first chair of the ISCU’s new committee on atmospheric sciences?

A

1964

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34
Q

What does WMO stand for?

A

World Meteorological Organization

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35
Q

When was WMO established?

A

1950

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36
Q

When did the ISCU and WMO combine to form GARP?

A

1967

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37
Q

What 2 organizations formed GARP in 1967?

A

ISCU and WMO

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38
Q

What does GARP stand for?

A

Global Atmospheric Research Program

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39
Q

GARP was at the center of helping people understand climate and weather during which 2 decades?

A

the 70s and 80s

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40
Q

What does UNEP stand for?

A

United Nations Environment Programme

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41
Q

What organizations hosted the International Workshop on Climate Issues in Austra in 1978?

A

ISCU, WMO, and UNEP

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42
Q

What did scientists at the International Workshop on Climate Issues in 1978 recognize a need for?

A

the recognized a need for an organization that could do even more than GARP

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43
Q

What organization succeeded GARP as the new center for the study of climate change?

A

WCRP

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44
Q

What does WCRP stand for?

A

World Climate Research Programme

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45
Q

What did WCRP acheive?

A

throughout the 80s, it led research that increased our knowledge of how oceans and atmosphere interact to create weather; it also raised awareness of climate change to non-scientists

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46
Q

What does IGBP stand for?

A

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

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47
Q

What led to the creation of IGBP?

A

a push by many scientists for the establishment of a new program that would provide context for climate change and its causes, one that would comprehensively study it

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48
Q

Did IGBP take over WCRP?

A

No, they actually worked together to help increase our knowledge of climate change

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49
Q

When was the IGBP created?

A

1987

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50
Q

What did the IGBP do?

A

It examined the effects of climate change on the planet by studying Earth’s systems connectedly

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51
Q

How did the IGBP help us?

A

It helped us learn more about how different parts of the Earth work together and react to changes worldwide

52
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

53
Q

When was the IPCC created?

A

1988

54
Q

When did Bolin and Crutzen serve at the IPCC’s first chair?

A

1988

55
Q

Who were the IPCC’s first chair?

A

a group of scientists, including Paul Crutzen and Bert BOlin

56
Q

Why was the IPCC created?

A

to serve as a body that would assess the science produced by programs such as the WCRP and the IGBP

57
Q

Does everyone believe climate change is real?

A

No, many people still don’t believe it is real

58
Q

What incident does “Merchants of Doubt” explain?

A

An incident where a small group of influential individuals prevented action against climate change, and promoted alternative information to the public

59
Q

When did William Nierenberg retire as the Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

1984

60
Q

Upon retirement, what did Nierenberg join?

A

the Board of Directors of the George C. Marshall Institute

61
Q

When did the Berlin Wall come down?

A

1989

62
Q

How was the Marshall Institute different than the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

the Marshall Institute also had a political agenda to acheive, with things like the Cold War going on

63
Q

What did the Bush Administration do for climate change in 1989?

A

it published an article with lies about climate change, though was disproven by the IPCC, it still had adverse effects on many Americans

64
Q

Did the US Senate support the Kyoto Protocol?

A

No, both parties were strongly against it and it lost in the Senate with 95-0

65
Q

When the Kyoto Protocol was voted on in the Senate, what was the tally?

A

95-0, with no one supporting it

66
Q

The US government issued a statement with 2 ideas on why they don’t support the Kyoto Protocol. What were the 2 main ideas?

A
  1. other countries, including the less wealthy, would need to commit first
  2. it would severely damage the US economy
67
Q

What president agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol?

A

President Bill Clinton

68
Q

When did President Bill Clinton sign the Kyoto Protocol?

A

1998

69
Q

What did ExxonMobil do when regulation of fossil fuels appeared on the horizon?

A

they started funding organizations that opposed climate change

70
Q

What year was the most profitable year for Western oil companies?

A

2022

71
Q

How much money in 2022 did the 6 biggest oil companies earn?

A

$219 billion

72
Q

What did President Donald Trump say about the Paris Agreement and how it would affect the US?

A

He said it would put the US at a very big economic disadvantage

73
Q

Which US president withdrew from the Paris Agreement?

A

President Donald Trump

74
Q

A study in the UK in 2022 found nearly what percent of British broadcasters doubt climate science?

A

nearly 1/3, or 33%

75
Q

What does UNFCCC stand for?

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

76
Q

When was the UNFCCC established?

A

1992

77
Q

Where was the UNFCCC founded?

A

at the Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

78
Q

When did the Kyoto Protocol start coming into effect?

A

2005

79
Q

What did the Kyoto Protocol do?

A

it set GHG emission targets for individual nations, but it was collectively aimed at 5%

80
Q

When was the Paris Agreement agreed upon?

A

2015

81
Q

How many countries agreed upon the Paris Agreement?

A

196

82
Q

What goal did the IPCC put for GHG emission reduction by 2030?

A

It is asking for 43% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030

83
Q

What is the main goal of the IPCC right now?

A

to stop Earth from warming more than 2ºC, and 1.5º by 2100

84
Q

Why didn’t the Green New Deal become a law at the time?

A

It didn’t have the support of President Donald Trump

85
Q

Who were the main pushers of the Green New Deal?

A

NY Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Ed Markey of Massachussetts

86
Q

What other act does the Green New Deal reference?

A

the New Deal, passed in the 1930s to help America out of the depression

87
Q

What was the goal of the New Deal?

A

to refuel the economy during the Great Depression

88
Q

What is the goal of the Green New Deal?

A

to help combat climate change while boosting many industries and the economy as a whole

89
Q

Did Pres. Joe Biden adopt the Green New Deal?

A

No, though he did pass a similar law called the Inflation Reduction Act

90
Q

What does IRA stand for? (the law)

A

Inflation Reduction Act

91
Q

When was the IRA put into law?

A

Aug. 16, 2022

92
Q

How much money did the IRA put into climate funding?

A

$369 billion

93
Q

What is geoengineering?

A

manipulating the environment to counteract the current trends of climate change

94
Q

What method is carbon sequestration an example of?

A

geoengineering

95
Q

What is carbon sequestration?

A

also known as carbon capture, it is capturing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it somewhere

96
Q

What are the 2 main challenges with carbon sequestration?

A

the 2 main challenges are finding a safe storage location and capturing the carbon itself

97
Q

What method is solar radiation management an example of?

A

geoengineering

98
Q

What is solar radiation management?

A

creating sources that behave like clouds and reflect solar energy away from Earth’s surface

99
Q

What percent of global energy was generated from wind and solar in 2022?

A

12%, a record number

100
Q

What is afforestation?

A

a type of geoengineering where vast new forests are created

101
Q

What are the 3 main responses the climate crisis has gathered?

A
  1. Some deny it exists, or certain aspects of it
  2. Some take action to try to reverse our effects
  3. Some have thought about the moral significance of the climate crisis for living things and have spoken out about it
102
Q

What are people and communities who have taken action about climate referred to as?

A

climate activists

103
Q

Which state is eager to move forward with carbon capture infrastructure with funding provided by the IRA?

A

Louisiana

104
Q

What groups of people is climate change affecting more?

A

poor populations are being affected more severely than wealthier or average populations

105
Q

What is climate colonialism?

A

the practice of extracting resources or producing clean energy in less powerful nations

106
Q

What did Philosopher Olufemi O. Taiwo say about the Green New Deal?

A

He warned it would support climate colonialism

107
Q

What administration enacted the Justice40 Initiative?

A

the Biden Administration

108
Q

What is the Justice40 Initiative?

A

a goal that 40% of overall benefits from the Federal government would flow to underserved communities, with applications like clean transit, affordable and sustainable housing, energy efficiency, and more

109
Q

Where does the Keystone Pipeline Systems extend?

A

From Alberta, Canada to Texas

110
Q

Why did some people support the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

because of its economic benefits

111
Q

What indigenous tribe led protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe

112
Q

When did the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe lead protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

2016-2017

113
Q

The Dakota Access Pipeline was part of which other pipeline system?

A

the Keystone Pipeline System

114
Q

Where is the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe?

A

North Dakota

115
Q

Why did many people not support the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

they were worried because it went under the Missouri River, which could pollute it, and that river is crucial to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe

116
Q

What were some ways the Keystone Pipeline System is bad for the environment?

A

the transportation process released GHGs and the pipeline in general caused great environmental harm

117
Q

Why did many indigenous groups want the British company Anglo-American out of the Amazon raniforest?

A

because their illegal mining was causing devastating amounts of pollution

118
Q

How many people participate in Fridays for Future?

A

14 million people across 7,500 cities

119
Q

People across how many cities participate in Fridays for Future?

A

7,500 cities

120
Q

When did Fridays for Future begin?

A

2018

121
Q

Who created Fridays for Future?

A

Greta Thunberg

122
Q

How did Luisa Neubauer spread the word of climate in her community?

A

She preached a sermon in the Berlin Cathedral, drawing on a teaching that one should not store up treasures on Earth, casting a vision for choosing protection of Earth

123
Q

Why did Greta Thunberg skip school and sit outside the Sweden Parliament?

A

To protest that our politicians aren’t doing anything about the environment

124
Q

How many acres of land did Alessandra Korap Munduruku help protect through her protests?

A

400,000 acres

125
Q

Who ordered the protests by the Standing Rock be stopped and construction of the pipeline should go ahead anyway?

A

Pres. Donald Trump

126
Q

When did Anglo American inform the Brazilian government of its withdrawal of its mining applications in indigenous areas of the Amazon?

A

May 2021

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