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K SS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The word Anthropocene comes from which 2 Greek words?

A

anthropos and kainos

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2
Q

What does anthropos mean?

A

human

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3
Q

What does kainos mean?

A

new

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4
Q

What element can be found as a trace of nuclear weapon testing in the 1950s?

A

Plutonium-239i

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5
Q

Who were the first to use the term Anthropocene?

A

Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer

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6
Q

When did Crutzen and Stoermer first use Anthropocene?

A

2000

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7
Q

What time did Crutzen and Stoermer think the Anthropocene started?

A

the late 1700s, when the steam engine became popular and GHG levels were growing

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8
Q

The late 1700s is often labeled as the start of what?

A

the Industrial Revolution

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9
Q

The date 1950 corresponds with what?

A

the “Great Acceleration”

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10
Q

What was the Great Acceleration?

A

when many of the developments made in the Industrial Revolution started to be used more frequently

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11
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

International Panel on Climate Change

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12
Q

What is the IPCC’s definition of the Anthropocene?

A

a proposed geological epoch resulting from significant human-driven changes to Earth

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13
Q

Based on what we know about previous times, what would scholars expect after the Holocene would have what type of weather?

A

cold weather, but the Anthropocene moved the climate toward rapid warming

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14
Q

A study of the warming trends over the past 2000 years has found what?

A

the largest warming trends have occurred since the middle of the 20th century (1950s)

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15
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution technically start?

A

the late 1700s

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16
Q

When did the Industrial Revolution really take off?

A

the 1800s

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17
Q

Charles Dickens is from which country?

A

Britain/England

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18
Q

What image of the Industrial Revolution did Charles Dickens popularize through his literature?

A

an image of large, fiery factories fueled by coal and hundreds of workers lined up in rows

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19
Q

What did the fact that people in the 1800s used the term Industrial Revolution demonstrate?

A

it shows us that the people of those times recognized the dramatic changes in the workplace, and society in general

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20
Q

What did environmental historian J. R. McNeill call the overall increase in 1950?

A

the Great Acceleration

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21
Q

What was the global human population in 1780?

A

under 1 billion people

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22
Q

What was the global human population in 1930?

A

2 billion people, more than double since the start of the Industrial Revolution

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23
Q

By how much has the global population increased from 1930 to now?

A

it has quadrupled, from 2 billion to 8 billion

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24
Q

What layer(s) of the atmosphere are getting warmer?

A

only the troposphere

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25
Q

What layer(s) of the atmosphere are getting colder?

A

all the layers of above the troposphere

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26
Q

How many million barrels of oil do the top 10 producers of oil make per day? (2022)

A

73.86, 73% of the world total

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27
Q

How many million barrels of oil does the whole world produce? (2022)

A

99.89

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28
Q

Eunice Newton Foote is a scientist from which country?

A

the US

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29
Q

What did Eunice say about greenhouse gases as early as the mid-1800s?

A

that water vapor and CO2 could interact with solar rays and increase Earth’s temperature

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30
Q

What are the 3 fossil fuels?

A

coal, oil, and natural gas

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31
Q

Where do fossil fuels come from?

A

the remains of prehistoric plants and animals

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32
Q

Once GHGs get inside the atmosphere, they act like a ______________, making the Earth warmer.

A

blanket

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33
Q

How does geography affect the extraction of fossil fuels?

A

fossil fuels can only be extracted where they are found, so not all places get them

34
Q

Who was the top producer and top consumer of oil in the early 2020s?

A

the US

35
Q

When did Europeans discover oil in the Middle East?

A

shortly before WWI

36
Q

Kirkuk is in what country?

A

Iraq

37
Q

When was oil discovered in Kirkuk?

A

1927

38
Q

When oil was discovered in Kirkuk, what happened to the towns and cities there?

A

the British reshaped them to model colonial towns, straining relationships between different groups within the city’s populations

39
Q

In 2021, the US and China accounted for what percent of the global GDP?

A

0.42

40
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from fossil fuel combustion (CO2)?

A

0.726

41
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from methane?

A

0.109

42
Q

In 2020, what percent of GHG emissions were from nitrous oxide?

A

0.071

43
Q

What is black gold?

A

another term for oil

44
Q

Fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas, make up what percent of GHG emissions?

A

0.75

45
Q

Fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas, make up what percent of CO2 emissions?

A

0.9

46
Q

What did many European countries do starting the year 1500?

A

a lot of them built colonies and traveled the world, allowing them to gather valuable resources for profit

47
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Growth Domestic Product

48
Q

When using GDP as a marker of wealth, one sees it is concentrated in countries where?

A

in the Western, or Western countries

49
Q

While the US and EU have cut GHG emissions, what 2 very large countries have increased theirs?

A

India and China

50
Q

Who is the world’s leading emitter, taking CO2 emissions as a marker?

A

China

51
Q

What place is India among the most CO2-emitting countries?

A

4th, just behind the US and EU

52
Q

What does EU stand for?

A

European Union

53
Q

Why may making China and India cut their fossil fuel use/emission be unfair?

A

because many other developed countries have used them to give a foundation for their economy and communities, India and China could achieve this, but now they are being stopped

54
Q

How many tonnes is 1 megatonne?

A

1 megatonne = 1,000,000 tonnes

55
Q

Per person, China emits about ______ as much CO2 as the US does.

A

half

56
Q

Per person, India emits about ______ as much CO2 as the US does.

A

one-seventh

57
Q

Why do China and India still have more emissions, even though they emit less CO2 per person?

A

because of how many people they have

58
Q

China has produced about ______________ of the cumulative amount of CO2 emissions of Western nations since 1750.

A

one-fourth

59
Q

Are the effects of climate change on nature and Earth one-sided?

A

No, it is double-sided. When we affect them, they affect us too

60
Q

What is another term used for climate change?

A

global warming

61
Q

What are the 3 main crises in the Anthropocene?

A

climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss

62
Q

In the summer of 2023, Iran reached a heat index of how much?

A

158° F

63
Q

What are the 3 most notable areas that are particularly impactful to human societies that have been worsened by climate change?

A

floods, fires, and droughts

64
Q

Within the past years, what areas have had the most abnormal, severe fires?

A

Greece, Australia, California, Canada, and Hawaii

65
Q

How do warmer temperatures cause/impact forest fires?

A

they amplify the dry and windy conditions that spread and fuel these forest fires

66
Q

How does a warm climate affect floods?

A

it worsens many of the factors that contribute to flood risk, like rain and snowmelt

67
Q

What communities do rising sea levels threaten?

A

coastal communities, especially ones on islands

68
Q

What does NOAA stand for?

A

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

69
Q

High-tide flooding has gotten how much more frequent over the past 50 years?

A

this flooding is now 300%-900% more frequent than 50 years ago

70
Q

How much money did Hurricane Ian cause in damages?

A

$112 billion

71
Q

How many fatalities did Hurricane Ian cause?

A

156

72
Q

When did Hurricane Ian strike Florida?

A

2022

73
Q

A megadrought in the Western US is thought to be the worst in how many years? (2022)

A

1,200 years

74
Q

The Horn of Africa is ____ times more likely to experience drought.

A

100

75
Q

What area of the US has the most drought?

A

the Western United States

76
Q

What fossil fuel contributes the most to India’s CO2 emissions?

A

coal

77
Q

How does climate change affect health of humans?

A

It can negatively affect the health of humans all over as it can worsen certain diseases and affects our bodily systems, like our lungs

78
Q

In a 2017 report from the UN, what information did it identify?

A

it identified 5 important insights on climate-change-related health risks

79
Q

What were the 5 key details of the UN climate health report in 2017?

A
  1. Certain groups are more prone to climate impacts
  2. Infectious diseases are highly sensitive to climate conditions
  3. Climate expands the geographical range of many diseases
  4. Climate change will being new and emerging health issues, like heatwaves and other extremes
  5. Malnutrition and undernutrition are influenced by flood and drought
80
Q

How does climate change affect migration?

A

It causes millions of people to have to move out of their homes due to things like rising sea-levels or natural disasters

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