Introductory Seminar

Question 1

Question: What does CNS stand for?

Answer 1

Answer: Central Nervous System

Question 2

Question: What are the two main components of the CNS?

Answer 2

Answer: Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 3

Question: What types of control are associated with the CNS?

Answer 3

Answer: Voluntary and Involuntary Control

Question 4

Question: What can the CNS also regulate?

Answer 4

Answer: Behavior

Question 5

Question: What is the function of the PNS?

Answer 5

Answer: Connects CNS to limbs and organs

Question 6

Question: What are the two main divisions of the PNS?

Answer 6

Answer: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Question 7

Question: What are the three divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

Answer 7

Answer: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, and Enteric Nervous System

Question 8

Question: What type of control is associated with the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

Answer 8

Answer: Involuntary Control

Question 9

Question: What type of control is associated with the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

Answer 9

Answer: Voluntary Motor Control

Question 10

Question: Does the Somatic Nervous System mediate only voluntary responses?

Answer 10

Answer: No, the Somatic Nervous System also mediates some involuntary responses, such as reflex arcs.

Question 11

Question: How are signals transmitted in the nervous system?

Answer 11

Answer: Signals are transmitted by nerve cells, also known as neurons.

Question 12

Question: Where does neuronal communication occur?

Answer 12

Answer: Neuronal communication occurs at the synapse.

Question 13

Question: What are neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

Answer: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells (neurons) at the synapse.

Question 14

Question: How are neurotransmitters classified based on their function?

Answer 14

Answer: Neurotransmitters can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory based on their effects on the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 15

Question: Name two types of neurotransmitters based on their chemical classes.

Answer 15

Answer: Examples include amino acids (e.g., glutamate) and monoamines (e.g., serotonin).

Question 16

Question: What are neuromodulators?

Answer 16

Answer: Neuromodulators are substances that modulate or alter the activity of neurotransmitters.

Question 17

Question: How do medicines act as agonists?

Answer 17

Answer: Medicines acting as agonists enhance the activity of neurotransmitters by mimicking their effects.

Question 18

Question: How do medicines act as antagonists?

Answer 18

Answer: Medicines acting as antagonists inhibit the activity of neurotransmitters by blocking their receptors.

Question 19

• Question: What is the role of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Answer 19

• Answer: The BBB acts as a gatekeeper to the Central Nervous System (CNS), strictly limiting transport into the brain.

Question 20

• Question: Why does the BBB limit the entry of drugs into the brain?

Answer 20

• Answer: The BBB prevents the entry of 98% of drugs to the brain following IV infusion; lipid-soluble molecules less than 400 Da can cross the BBB.

Question 21

• Question: How can drugs cross the BBB and enter the brain?

Answer 21

• Answer: Drugs can cross the BBB through methods such as utilizing lipid-soluble molecules or employing specific transport mechanisms.

Question 22

• Question: Where do endocrine glands release hormones?

Answer 22

• Answer: Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 23

• Question: What are target cells in the context of the Endocrine System?

Answer 23

• Answer: Target cells are those that express hormone receptors.

Question 24

• Question: Is there a physical connection between releasing cells and target cells in the Endocrine System?

Answer 24

• Answer: No, there is no physical connection between the releasing cell and the target cell in the Endocrine System.

Question 25

• Question: Name three types of hormones.

Answer 25

• Answer: Peptide, Steroid, Amine

Question 26

• Question: Provide examples of processes controlled by hormones.

Answer 26

• Answer: Processes such as growth, reproduction, energy metabolism, and homeostasis are controlled by hormones.

Question 27

Question: How is the release of hormones regulated?

Answer 27

Answer: The release of hormones is regulated by feedback mechanisms, including negative feedback loops.

Question 28

Question: What are some mechanisms of feedback regulation in the Endocrine System?

Answer 28

Answer: The release of hormones is regulated by feedback mechanisms, including negative feedback loops.

Question 29

Question: What are some mechanisms of feedback regulation in the Endocrine System?

Answer 29

Answer: Feedback regulation mechanisms involve negative feedback, where the hormone’s effects inhibit further hormone release, maintaining homeostasis.

Question 30

Question: What is homeostasis?

Answer 30

Answer: Homeostasis is the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes.

Question 31

Question: How is homeostasis maintained?

Answer 31

Answer: Homeostasis is maintained through feedback mechanisms that help regulate various physiological processes.

Question 32

Question: Give examples of feedback mechanisms in homeostasis.

Answer 32

Answer: Feedback mechanisms in homeostasis include temperature control, oxygen uptake, and blood glucose regulation.