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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Introduction to INDS 112 > Flashcards

Introduction to INDS 112 Flashcards

1
Q

Climate change

A

Climate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns

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2
Q

According to WHO, what is the “single biggest health threat facing humanity right now?

A

Climate change

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3
Q

Climate change will significantly increase ill health and premature deaths from the near to long-term.
a) true
b) false

A

a) true

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4
Q

The risk for respiratory health outcomes lies at the intersection of…

A
  1. Sensitivity (sensitive populations)
  2. Adaptive capacity (social determinants of heath)
  3. Exposure (to climate change)
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5
Q

What populations are the most sensitive to respiratory health outcomes?

A
  1. Children
  2. Older adults (65+)
  3. Pregnant women
  4. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions
  5. Individuals with genetic susceptibility
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6
Q

Climate change is expected to both exacerbate … and promote…

A

Climate change is expected to both exacerbate existing respiratory disease and promote adverse respiratory conditions.

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7
Q

Name exposures with the strongest evidence base for promoting adverse respiratory health outcomes (2)

A
  1. Extreme heat (often with co-occurring tropospheric ozone)
  2. Particulate Matter PM component of wildfire smoke (particularly that with diameter of 2.5um or less i.e. PM2.5)
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8
Q

Exposure to higher … and extreme weather events are also of concern to respiratory health.

A

Exposure to higher pollen concentrations

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9
Q

Climate change increases the amount of pollen, allergens and mold. Allergens directly promote and aggravate … (3)

A
  1. asthma
  2. rhinosinusitis
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10
Q

How do elevated temperatures increase the risk of wildfires?

A

By contributing to hotter conditions and desertification

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11
Q

What percentage of countries experienced an increase in daily wildfire exposure from 2001-14 to 2015-18?

A

77%

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12
Q

During wildfire season, there is an increase in primary care visits and hospital admissions for…(5)

A
  1. cough
  2. asthma
  3. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonar disease)
  4. pneumonia
  5. prescription of inhaled bronchodilator medications
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13
Q

Global warming has led to an increase in …, … and … of heat waves

A

intensity, duration and frequency

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14
Q

Heat waves are associated with the release of …

A

particulate matter from electrical cooling systems

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15
Q

Increased release of particulate matter form electrical cooling systems (global warming) is associated with…

A
  1. increased morbidity of respiratory disease
  2. increased mortality of respiratory disease
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16
Q

Particulate matter acting as an asthma trigger and increasing asthma related hospitalization is an example of…

A

increased morbidity and mortality of respiratory disease due to heat waves

17
Q

Increasing temperatures contribute to a higher concentration of … and … at ground level.

A

ozone and particulate matter

18
Q

What percentage of the global population lives in areas where levels of air pollution are deemed unsafe by WHO?

A

91%

19
Q

How many deaths, globally and in Canada, could be attributed to air pollution in 2018?

A

3.01 million globally
8400 in Canada

20
Q

What are 3 examples of respiratory conditions for which air pollution leads to worsening of symptoms and or increased use of healthcare resources?

A
  1. lung cancer
  2. asthma
  3. COPD
  4. pneumonia
21
Q

In order to reduce respiratory health risk in the face of climate change, it is necessary to… (3)

A
  1. minimize or avoid exposure to climate change stressors
  2. improve the social determinants of health to boost adaptive capacity
  3. decrease sensitivity
22
Q

What has been implemented in clinical practice to help reduce the respiratory health risk in the face of climate change? (4)

A
  1. Screening patients for social determinants of health
  2. Incorporating SDH data into electronic health records
  3. Referring patients to community health workers or other resources
  4. Taking into consideration environmental and occupational exposures in history taking
23
Q

Ozone, PM and pollen can … the airways.

A

irritate

24
Q

How does heat affect respiratory viruses?

A

Less virus transmission (one of the only more positive impacts of heat)

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (7 decks)

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