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Embryology > Introduction To Embryology > Flashcards

Introduction To Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Define embryology

A

This is the study of the development from the pre-embryonic stage until the foetal stage.

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2
Q

Embryonic development is governed by

A

Genomes

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3
Q

DNA is encoded in

A

Genes

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4
Q

Genes
A. Bits of DNA that make up protein
B. Bits of mRNA that make up protein
C. An organelle of the cell
D. Are translated to make proteins

A

A. Bits of DNA that make up proteins

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5
Q

Central dogma
DNA-1-> RNA -2-> Protein
Numbers 1 and 2 represent

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
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6
Q

Human genome contains

A

23000-30000 genes

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7
Q

Which statement is true in relation to the human genome
A. Only one fifth of 100000 was predicted prior to the completion of the human genome
B. Transcription is the formation of proteins
C. The human genome is approximately 30000 genes
D. The human genome is the same as that of monkeys

A

A. Only one fifth of 100000was predicted prior to the completion of the human genome

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8
Q

Gene expression

A

Is the regulation of DNA transcription.

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9
Q

The following are ways in which gene expression is regulated except.
A. Different genes are may be transcribed
B. DNA transcribed from a gene may be selectively processed to regulate which RNA can reach the cytoplasm
C. Chromatin is packaged DNA
D. mRNA may be selectively translated

A

C. Chromatin is packaged DNA

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

Packaged DNA

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11
Q

DNA is lined by

A

Histone protein

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12
Q

Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Euchromatin is loosely held DNA
B. Heterochromatin is a protein complex that is used in transcription of RNA
C. Tightly packed DNA is called heterochromatin
D. A cell that is actively undergoing protein synthesis has euchromatin

A

B. Heterochromatin is a protein complex that is used in transcription of RNA

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13
Q

An intron is an untranslatable section of mRNA. (True or False)

A

True

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14
Q

Introns and exons make up the initial RNA. (True or False)

A

True

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15
Q

Why is nRNA longer than mRNA?

A

This is because nRNA contains introns that are bits of untranslatable genes.

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16
Q

Promoter region

A

Is the site that binds to the RNA polymerase

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17
Q

The site that contains the TATA box is called

A

The promoter region

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18
Q

Transcription factor

A

Is a molecule that helps RNA polymerase bind to the TATA box

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19
Q

A molecule that enhances the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region is

A

Transcription Factor

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20
Q

Enhancers

A

Regulator elements of DNA that activate utilization of promoters to control their efficiency and the rate of transcription from the promoter.

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21
Q

Elements that expose the promoter site or facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the chromatin are called

A

Enhancers

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22
Q

An inhibitor to enhances is called
A. Anti-enhancer
B. Inhibitor
C. Silencer
D. Enhancement inhibitor

A

C. Silencer

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23
Q

DNA methylation
A. Represses transcription
B. Is used in the post translational modification of proteins
C. Is used to regulate DNA synthesis
D. Is only seen in females

A

A. Represses transcription

24
Q

Which of the following statements is false.?
A. Methylation of cytosine helps in the promoter region of genes represses transcription of genes
B. Methylation of DNA in females causes the in activation of an X chromosome in females
C. Muscle cells making muscle protein such as actin and myosin is due to methylation of certain segments of its DNA
D. Splicing is the removal of damaged DNA in the nucleus

A
25
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Is when only one gene is inherited from both parents as the other is silenced.

26
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Transcription is a process in which DNA is converted to RNA
B. The site of protein synthesis is the cytoplasm.
C. Splicing is seen in the modification of proteins
D.40 to 60 human genes are imprinted and their methylation patterns are established during gametogenesis.

A

D.40 to 60 human genes are imprinted and their methylation patterns are established during gametogenesis

27
Q

The following are methods of gene regulation except.
A. Splicing
B. Post-translational modification
C. DNA methylation
D. Transcription

A

D. Transcription

28
Q

Splicing

A

Is the removal of introns from nRNA

29
Q

In relation to nuclear RNA which of the following statements false.
A. nRNA is the initial transcript of RNA
B. nRNA is longer than mRNA
C. nRNA contains introns
D. It is responsible for the removal of genes from the nucleus

A

D. It is responsible for the removal of genes from the nucleus

30
Q

Induction

A

Is the set of changes caused by a cell on another cell

31
Q

……1….. Is the cell that produces the induction signal while….. 2… Is the cell that responds to the induction.

A
  1. Inducer
  2. Responder
32
Q

Competence

A

Is the capacity to respond to a signal.

33
Q

An inductive interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cells

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction

34
Q

Which of the following organs are not as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction?
A. Liver
B. Pancrease
C. Eye
D. Gut endoderm

A

C. Eye

35
Q

Limb outgrowth

A

Derived from limb mesenchyme-ectoderm interaction

36
Q

Crosstalk

A

Communication between inducer and responder

37
Q

Which of the following is are not forms of cell signaling?
A. Paracrine signaling
B. Neurocrine signaling
C. Apocrine signaling
D. Merocrine signaling

A

C and D

38
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Uses GDFs that act by signal transduction directly either by activating a pathway or blocking the activation of an inhibitor of the pathway

39
Q

State the components of paracrine signaling

A

Ligands and ligand receptors

40
Q

Receptor

A

Is a transmembrane protein that spans the cell membrane that has a ECM domain called the binding site

41
Q

The regions of a receptor

A

Transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic domain

42
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Takes place at the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor

43
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

Is mediated through signal transduction pathways but does not involve diffusible factors

44
Q

The movement of non-diffusible material from one cell to another within a short distance is called

A

Juxtacrine signaling

45
Q

Which of the following statements is false concerting juxtacrine signaling?
A. A protein on one cell surface interacts with a receptor on an adjacent cell in a process analogous to paracrine eg, notch pathway
B. Ligand in the ECM secreted by one cell interact with their receptors on neighbouring cells
C. There is a duct transmission of signals from one cell to another by gap junctions
D. It involves the use of GDFs to induce cells

A

D. It involves the use of GDFs to induce cells

46
Q

Juxtacrine signaling is seen in

A

Gut epithelial cells and neural tube

47
Q

Mention the paracrine factors that regulate differentiation and development of organ systems.

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
WNT
Hedgehog
Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)

48
Q

Concerning fibroblast growth factor which statement is false.
A. FGF stimulates the growth of fibroblasts
B. There are 24 identified FGF genes
C. They produce proteins called fibroblast growth factor receptors(FGFR)
D. They are non-diffusible

A

D. They are non-diffusible

49
Q

State the uses of FGFs

A

Angiogenesis
Axon growth
Mesoderm differentiation

50
Q

FGF8 is used in limb development and also brain development. (True or False)

A

True

51
Q

Hedgehog

A

Got its name from the bristles it codes for on the leg of drosophila that resemble a hedgehog.

52
Q

State the three forms of hedgehog in mammals.

A

Desert hedgehog, indian hedgehog and sonic hedgehog

53
Q

WNT proteins

A

Are more than 15 proteins that are related to the segment polarity gene, whose receptors are members of the frizzled family of proteins.

54
Q

Mention the uses of WNT proteins.

A

Regulation of limb development, midbrain development and somite and urogenital differentiation

55
Q

TGF-Beta

A

Is a large family of proteins that assist in ECM formation, apoptisis and cell migration

56
Q

State some members of the TGF-Beta superfamily

A

Bone Morphogenetic proteins(BMPs ), activin family and mullerian inhibiting factor(MIF)

57
Q

State the functions of BMPs.

A

Bone formation, regulation of cell division and cell migration and apoptosis

Embryology (6 decks)

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