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Statistics Of Physical Activity > Intro And Measurement > Flashcards

Intro And Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

What are statistics?

A

A mathematical technique by which data is organized, treated and presented for interpretation and evaluation

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2
Q

Why are statistics useful?

A
  1. Calculating probability of something happening by chance
  2. Knowing if 2 or more things are likely from the same group
  3. Finding out how a treatment affects an outcome
  4. Probability of making a wrong conclusion
  5. Strength of evidence supporting outcomes
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3
Q

How do we use statistics?

A
  1. Determine the best treatment
  2. Make clinical diagnoses
  3. Form and test theories
  4. To make evidence based decisions
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4
Q

What are statistical tools used for?

A

Research asks the question, statistical tools answer questions

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5
Q

What is measurement?

A

The process of comparing a value to a standard

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6
Q

Types of measurement

A
  1. Distance (height, jump distance)
  2. Time (# of seconds to complete a 100m sprint)
  3. Force (body weight, isometric strength)
  4. Frequency (heart rate BPM)
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7
Q

What is reliability?

A

Reproducibility and consistency (makes a good measurement)

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8
Q

What is validity?

A

The soundness or appropriateness of the test in measuring what it’s designed to measure.

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9
Q

What is a variable?

A

Characteristics of a person, place or object that can assume more than one value (anthropometrics, performance outcome)

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10
Q

What is a constant?

A

Characteristic that does not change (competition distance, weight category)

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11
Q

Nominal measurement scale

A

Group participants/objects into categories (undergraduate programs, country of origins)

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12
Q

Ordinal measurement scale

A

Ranking participants/objects (ranking in sport)

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13
Q

Interval measurement scale

A

Equal unit of measurement, no true zero (temperature - 0 degrees still means something)

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14
Q

Ratio measurement scale

A

Scale has an absolute zero (weight, distance, mark on a test)

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15
Q

What is a theory?

A

A belief regarding a concept or a series of related concepts
Theory can generate a hypothesis that can be tested, if hypothesis survives testing there is more confidence in the theory
(Gravity, evolution)

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16
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

It must be testable and falsifiable
Created due to a theory

17
Q

What are different types of research?

A
  1. Historical - measure back in time
  2. Observational - track participants overtime
  3. Experimental - associated with science (running experiments)
18
Q

Two ways to test hypothesis

A
  1. Research/alternate hypothesis (H1) - actual hypothesis
  2. Null hypothesis (H0) - opposite to the actual hypothesis
    Can be directional or non-directional
19
Q

What is level of confidence (LOC)?

A

The value we set that defines our reasonable doubt (LOC = 5% reject H0 when p < .05)
We reject H0 and accept H1 when differences or relationship between variables are established beyond reasonable doubt

20
Q

Independent variables

A

Uncontrollable factors that can have an affect on dependent variables (height, exercise program, type of equipment)

21
Q

Dependent variables

A

Measurable (subject to change), can be affected by the independent variable
(Points per game, amount someone can lift, throwing or kicking accuracy in sport)

22
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Measure of control within the experiment to ascertain that the results are due to treatment that’s as applied
Assessment of quality of the experimental control

23
Q

Common techniques used to control internal validity

A
  1. Control/placebo conditions
  2. Randomization
  3. Blinding
24
Q

Types of error

A
  1. Intervening variables - fatigue or learning effects from repeating tests
  2. Instrumental - poor or loss of calibration
  3. Investigator - data entry error
25
Q

What is external validity?

A

Ability to generate results of the experiment to the population from which the samples were drawn
How well does the sample reflect the population?
Tight experimental control may make study unrealistic in the real world

26
Q

Population

A

Any group of persons, places or objects that have at least 1 common characteristic. Criteria must be clear to know who qualifies as a member for an experiment

27
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of a population, a representative of the population of interest.

28
Q

Random sample

A

Each member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected into the sample

29
Q

Bias

A

Extraneous factors operate on the sample to make it unrepresentative of the population

30
Q

What is a parameter?

A

A characteristic of the population

31
Q

What is a statistic?

A

A characteristic of a sample that is used to estimate the value of the population parameter

Statistics Of Physical Activity (8 decks)

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