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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System & Special Senses > Flashcards

Integumentary System & Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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2
Q

When a patient experiences burns, at what burn degree do majority, if not all, of the skin functions become impaired?

A

Third to fourth-degree

References state that malfunction of skin properties starts at second-degree

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3
Q

Differentiate Eccrine and Apocrine Glands

A

Eccrine - thermoregulation
Apocrine - secrete organic substances metabolized by bacteria

Eccrine - palms, soles, forehead; Apocrine - axillary, anogenital

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4
Q

Hair Growth Sequence and Processes

Explain each of their processes

A

Anagen: growth, production
Catagen: transition, follicle apoptosis
Telogen: resting, no hair shaft growth
Exogen: shedding, losing 50-100 hairs/day

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5
Q

Smooth muscle cells associated with each hair follicle that is associated with goosebumps

A

Arrector Pili

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6
Q

Vasodilation or Vasoconstriction

What happens to the skin and its blood flow when exposed to warm and cold environments?

A

Warm: Vasodilation, increased blood flow, heat loss, sweating
Cold: Vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, heat retention

Blood flow beneath the epidermis

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7
Q

What are the layers of Dermis?

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

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8
Q

Differentiate the Dermal layers

A

Papillary layer: superficial to epidermis, loose connective tissue, fingerprints
Reticular layer: collagen-rich elastic fibers, dense regular connective tissue, cleavage lines

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9
Q

True or False

An incision made perpendicular or across cleavage lines will form less scar tissue and faster healing

A

False

Gaps formed = more scars & longer heal time

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10
Q

Hair covering of the fetus during fifth to sixth month of development

A

Lanugo

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11
Q

Terminal Hairs vs. Vellus Hairs

At birth, which type replaces the fetal hair covering on the head and on the rest of the body

Fetal Hair Covering is also asked in one of the flashcards

A

Terminal Hairs: head
Vellus Hairs: rest of the body

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12
Q

What body region will the vellus hairs be replaced with terminal hairs, and at what period?

A

During Puberty / Pubic and Axillary Regions

Also occur in chest, face (beard), legs, and arms

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13
Q

Epidermis: superficial to deep layer

A

Stratum corneum: dead cells
Stratum lucidum: thick skin, dead cells with keratohyalin
Stratum granulosum: flattened, dying cells
Stratum spinosum: keratinocytes sticked by desmosomes
Stratum basale: newly formed cells

Remember: Corns are lucky, but the grains are spinning at the basement

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14
Q

True or False

Vitamin D is directly obtained by exposing to sunlight

A

False

UV Light activates precursor molecule to cholecalciferol (D3), which is then converted to calcitriol for calcium homeostasis

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15
Q

It is where the nail fold grows into the nail body

A

Cuticle or Eponychium

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16
Q

It is beneath the free edge of the nail body

A

Hyponychium

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17
Q

Cranial nerves associated with the sense of taste

A

CN VII, CN IX, CN X

Facial Nerve, Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve

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18
Q

What type of papillae has no taste buds?

A

Filliform papilla

It only has tactile receptors

19
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscles do not share the same innervation?

A

Superior Oblique (CN IV)
Lateral Rectus (CN VI)

SO4-LR6-The Rest is 3

19
Q

Connection of middle ear and inner ear

A

Oval window

20
Q

What structures are at the vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid, Cilliary Body, and Iris

21
Q

Properties of Lens

Biconcave or Biconvex?
Vascular or Avascular?

A

Biconvex and Avascular

22
Q

Light Refraction

Compare and contrast the cornea and lens

A

The cornea has the most convergence activity, while the lens adjusts the convergence by changing shape

23
Q

Rods activate which type of vision?

A

Non-color, low light, night vision

24
Q

The discs of rods contain rhodopsin, which is composed of?

A

Opsin (protein, purple pigment)
Retinal (Vit. A derivative)

25
Q

What happens to the vision when the optic chiasm is affected?

A

Blindness to the Temporal part of the Left and Right Visual Field

Bitemporal Hemianopia

26
Q

Which cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions?

A

CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

27
Q

What do Merkel cells detect?

A

Light, touch, and pressure

28
Q

A layer of the epidermis that is filled with actively mitotic stem cells

A

Stratum basale

29
Q

How does the visual field project to the brain?

A

The right visual field projects to the left side of the brain (vice versa)

30
Q

Myopia should be corrected by which type of lenses?

A

Concave lens

31
Q

Hyperopia should be corrected by which type of lenses?

A

Convex lens

32
Q

A clear fluid in the inner ear that fills the membranous labyrinth

A

Endolymph

33
Q

A fluid in the inner ear that fills between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth

A

Perilymph

34
Q

Endolymph or Perilymph

In terms of Na+ and K+ concentration, what are their characteristics?

A

Endolymph: high K+ and low Na+
Perilymph: high Na+ low K+

35
Q

The utricle detects what kind of motion?

A

Horizontal movements (forward and backward)

The utricle is oriented parallel to the base of the skull

36
Q

The saccule detects what kind of motion

A

Vertical motions (up or down movement)

The saccule is oriented perpendicular to the base of the skull

37
Q

What is abundant in the fovea centralis?

A

Cones

As it detects light, color vision

38
Q

Which tastants activate the G protein-coupled receptors?

A

Sweet, Bitter, Glutamate (umami)

39
Q

Which tastants activate ion receptors?

A

Salt and Sour

40
Q

Glaucoma results due to what?

A

Pressure buildup caused by the aqueous humor

41
Q

What happens as the sound waves travel to the oval window?

A

It vibrates the perilymph, vestibular membrane, and endolymph, displacing the basilar membrane to detect sound. Vibrations in the perilymph then travels to the round window, which they are dampened.

42
Q

What happens when sound waves travel to the basilar membrane?

A

Bending stereocilia pulls gating springs, opening K+ channels, leading to depolarization and action potential generation.

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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