Insulin and Glucagon Flashcards
20g OF GLUCOSE WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN
1 HOUR
10 KG FAT WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN
40 DAYS, WITH WATER
THE 10 TO 12 KG PROTEIN IN A 70KG MAN (MOSTLY IN SKELETAL MUSCLE). HOW MUCH IS AVAILABLE?
1/2 AVAILABLE FOR ENERGY NEEDS BEFORE DEATH FROM STARTVATION
DUE TO RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FAILURE OCCURS
WHAT HORMONES REGULATE THE HOMEOSTASIS OF GLUCOSE?
Plasma glucose is regulated at a concentration of ___ mg/dl,
80-100
Insulin is synthesized by beta cells, which are located at
the center of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Insulin is an ____ hormone secreted in times of excess nutrient availability.
anabolic
Glucagon is a catabolic hormone secreted during times of
food deprivation.
____ (3) allows utilization of stored nutrient reserves by mobilizing glycogen, fat and protein to serve as energy sources.
GLUCAGON, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE
____ is a paracrine that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon
SOMATOSTATIN
SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS THE RELEASE OF
INSULIN
GLUCAGON
GASTRIN
GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
GUT HORMONES
Brain relies ___ on circulating glucose to meet its energy demands.
almost exclusively
Brain stores little ____
glycogen
Brain cannot oxidize fatty acids and amino acids although it can utilize
ketone bodies.
The Islets of Langerhans constitute approximately ____% of the mass of the pancreas
1-2
Each islet is highly vascularized and receives INPUTS FROM
sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
The beta cells secrete insulin and comprise___% of the islets.
60%
Glucagon is synthesized by ____ cells,
alpha
WHERE ARE ALPHA CE;;;S LOCATED? WHAT PERCENT OF THE ISLETS ARE THEY?
LOCATED IN THE PERIPHERY
25%
WHAT CELLS ARE IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE ISLETS
DELTA AND ALPHA CELLS
Somatostatin is synthesized by ____ cells w
delta
WHAT IS SYNTHESIED BY F CELLS
PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE? (2)
- inhibits gallbladder contraction
- inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion during strenuous exercise, after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, during hypoglycemia.
WHAT DOES BETA CELLS MAKE? WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED
LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF THE ISLETS
MAKE
INSULIN, PROINSULIN, C-PEPTIDE
Glucagon is a ___amino acid peptide
29
Postranslational processing OF PROGLUCAGON YEILDS
- GLUCAGON - 29 AA
- GLICENTIN - 69 AA
- GLICENTIN LIKE PEPTIDE
- GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTODE - GLP-1
- GLUCAGON-LIKE PPETIDE - GLP-2
Glucagon is packaged and stored in
membrane bound granules
WHERE IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED?
in the liver (80%) and the kidney, with very little excreted in the urine.
IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED IN THE LIVER?
VERY LITTLE IS
WHAT ARE THE STIMULATORS OF GLUCAGON SECRETION? (4)
WHAT BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS SUFFICIENT TO STIM. GLUCAGON SECRETION
HYPOGLYCEMIA
INC IN ARGININE AND ALANINE IS INDICTATIVE OF
WHAT ARE THE INHIBITS OR GLUCAGON SECRETION
Glucagon mobilizes____ (3) to produce a prompt increase in blood glucose concentration.
glycogen, fat and protein
counter-regulatory hormones that are released in times of stress such as exercise, illness, etc. to keep blood glucose levels high enough to support brain metabolism.
- GLUCAGON
- EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
- GH
- CORTISOL
The primary target organ for glucagon is the liver, where glucagon antagonizes the action of insulin by
