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Physiology > Insulin and Glucagon > Flashcards

Insulin and Glucagon Flashcards

1
Q

20g OF GLUCOSE WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN

A

1 HOUR

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2
Q

10 KG FAT WOULD LAST ___ IN A 70KG MAN

A

40 DAYS, WITH WATER

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3
Q

THE 10 TO 12 KG PROTEIN IN A 70KG MAN (MOSTLY IN SKELETAL MUSCLE). HOW MUCH IS AVAILABLE?

A

1/2 AVAILABLE FOR ENERGY NEEDS BEFORE DEATH FROM STARTVATION

DUE TO RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FAILURE OCCURS

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4
Q

WHAT HORMONES REGULATE THE HOMEOSTASIS OF GLUCOSE?

A
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5
Q

Plasma glucose is regulated at a concentration of ___ mg/dl,

A

80-100

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6
Q

Insulin is synthesized by beta cells, which are located at

A

the center of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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7
Q

Insulin is an ____ hormone secreted in times of excess nutrient availability.

A

anabolic

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8
Q

Glucagon is a catabolic hormone secreted during times of

A

food deprivation.

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9
Q

____ (3) allows utilization of stored nutrient reserves by mobilizing glycogen, fat and protein to serve as energy sources.

A

GLUCAGON, EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE

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10
Q

____ is a paracrine that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

A

SOMATOSTATIN

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11
Q

SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS THE RELEASE OF

A

INSULIN

GLUCAGON

GASTRIN

GASTRIC ACID SECRETION

GUT HORMONES

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12
Q

Brain relies ___ on circulating glucose to meet its energy demands.

A

almost exclusively

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13
Q

Brain stores little ____

A

glycogen

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14
Q

Brain cannot oxidize fatty acids and amino acids although it can utilize

A

ketone bodies.

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15
Q

The Islets of Langerhans constitute approximately ____% of the mass of the pancreas

A

1-2

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16
Q

Each islet is highly vascularized and receives INPUTS FROM

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

17
Q

The beta cells secrete insulin and comprise___% of the islets.

A

60%

18
Q

Glucagon is synthesized by ____ cells,

A

alpha

19
Q

WHERE ARE ALPHA CE;;;S LOCATED? WHAT PERCENT OF THE ISLETS ARE THEY?

A

LOCATED IN THE PERIPHERY

25%

20
Q

WHAT CELLS ARE IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE ISLETS

A

DELTA AND ALPHA CELLS

21
Q

Somatostatin is synthesized by ____ cells w

A

delta

22
Q

WHAT IS SYNTHESIED BY F CELLS

A

PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

23
Q

FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE? (2)

A
  1. inhibits gallbladder contraction
  2. inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion during strenuous exercise, after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, during hypoglycemia.
24
Q

WHAT DOES BETA CELLS MAKE? WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED

A

LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF THE ISLETS

MAKE

INSULIN, PROINSULIN, C-PEPTIDE

25
Q

Glucagon is a ___amino acid peptide

A

29

26
Q

Postranslational processing OF PROGLUCAGON YEILDS

A
  1. GLUCAGON - 29 AA
  2. GLICENTIN - 69 AA
  3. GLICENTIN LIKE PEPTIDE
  4. GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTODE - GLP-1
  5. GLUCAGON-LIKE PPETIDE - GLP-2
27
Q

Glucagon is packaged and stored in

A

membrane bound granules

28
Q

WHERE IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED?

A

in the liver (80%) and the kidney, with very little excreted in the urine.

29
Q

IS GLUCAGON DEGRADED IN THE LIVER?

A

VERY LITTLE IS

30
Q

WHAT ARE THE STIMULATORS OF GLUCAGON SECRETION? (4)

A
31
Q

WHAT BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS SUFFICIENT TO STIM. GLUCAGON SECRETION

A

HYPOGLYCEMIA

32
Q

INC IN ARGININE AND ALANINE IS INDICTATIVE OF

A
33
Q

WHAT ARE THE INHIBITS OR GLUCAGON SECRETION

A
34
Q

Glucagon mobilizes____ (3) to produce a prompt increase in blood glucose concentration.

A

glycogen, fat and protein

35
Q

counter-regulatory hormones that are released in times of stress such as exercise, illness, etc. to keep blood glucose levels high enough to support brain metabolism.

A
  1. GLUCAGON
  2. EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
  3. GH
  4. CORTISOL
36
Q

The primary target organ for glucagon is the liver, where glucagon antagonizes the action of insulin by

A

Physiology (5 decks)

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