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Immunological Disorders > Innate Immunity Seminar > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Seminar Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

2.0

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2
Q

what is the pH of sweat?

A

4.6

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3
Q

how does lysosome work?

A

attacks bacteria cell walls and bursts them

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4
Q

how to interferons work?

A

interfere with production of viral proteins by interrupting protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is a neutrophil?

A

a phagocyte that is used primarily for antibacterial and fungal defence

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6
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

a NK cell that responds to virally infected cells and tumour cells

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7
Q

how do macrophages recognise bacteria directly?

A

direct recognition of surface components such as carbohydrates

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8
Q

how do macrophages recognise bacteria indirectly?

A

using adapter molecules such as IgG or C3b

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9
Q

what are the 3 ways in which innate cells work?

A

phagocytosis, cytotoxicity or inflammation

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10
Q

what are the features of MHC I?

A

Tc cells present antigens on MHC I, all nucleated cells display endogenous antigens on MHC I

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11
Q

what type of antigens does Tc cells recognise?

A

those on MHC I

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12
Q

what are the features of MHC II?

A

antigen presenting cells capture exogenous antigens and display them on MHC II

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13
Q

how would an intracellular bacteria activate the immune system?

A

due to being intracellular the antigens would be presented on MHC I, which would then activate Tc cells

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14
Q

in what ways do antibodies combat bacteria?

A

opsonisation, activate complement, agglutination, block receptors, neutralise toxins

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15
Q

what things try to prevent entering of viruses?

A

interferons stop viral replication, NK cells activated, Tc cells bind

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16
Q

what roles do Tc cells carry out in response to a virus?

A

migrate into effected tissue, produce gamma interferons, kill infected cells using granzyme and perforin

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17
Q

what is ADCC?

A

antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity

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18
Q

how does ADCC work?

A

antibody binds on the surface of target cells, Fc receptors on NK cells recognise the antibody, cross linking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to cause apoptosis

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19
Q

what is primary immunodeficiency?

A

genetic defects

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20
Q

what is secondary immunodeficiency?

A

a disease or medication that impairs the immune system

21
Q

what is agammaglobulinemia?

A

selective IgA or IgG deficiency

22
Q

what deficiencies are linked with primary immunodeficiency?

A

deficiency in macrophages, leukocytes or complement

23
Q

what deficiencies are linked with adaptive immunity?

A

humoral immunity deficiency, cellular deficiency, combined immunodeficiency or nonspecific immunodeficiency

24
Q

what is acquired immunodeficiency?

A

infections such as HIV, malnutrition or those caused by immunosuppressant medication

25
Q

how does HIV infect cells?

A

through CD4 receptor

26
Q

what cells have a CD4 receptor?

A

T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and brain cells

27
Q

what is type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE mediated and causes degranulation of mast cells

28
Q

how does type I hypersensitivity work?

A

If an antigen cross links the receptors of IgE on second exposure, degranulation causes release of inflammatory cytokines

29
Q

what are the symptoms of type I hypersensitivity?

A

swelling and redness, runny nose, contraction of bronchi

30
Q

what reactions are type I hypersensitivity?

A

hay fever, bee or wasp sting, food allergies and eczema

31
Q

what is type II hypersensitivity?

A

caused by IgG and IgM mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

32
Q

how does type II hypersensitivity work?

A

the selective antibodies against the surface antigens mediates destruction via complement or ADCC

33
Q

what is an example of type II hypersensitivity?

A

blood transfusions, erythroblastosis were mother attacks baby’s red blood cells

34
Q

what is type III hypersensitivity?

A

immune complexes of antigen and antibodies in large amounts are deposited in tissues

35
Q

what does type III hypersensitivity cause?

A

local inflammation and damage of tissues

36
Q

what is glomerulonephritis?

A

deposition of complexes in kidney tissue

37
Q

what is vasculitis?

A

deposition of complexes in blood vessels

38
Q

what is reactive authritis?

A

deposition of complexes in joints

39
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is farmers lungs linked to?

A

type II

40
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

cell mediated hypersensitivity

41
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity caused by? what effect does this have?

A

sensitised T cells which activate macrophages and cytokines causing tissue damage

42
Q

where is type IV hypersensitivity seen?

A

in chronic infections that induce the cell mediated response

43
Q

what are examples of diseases that induce the cell mediated response?

A

TB, leprosy, schistomiasis

44
Q

how does cell mediated response occur in TB?

A

macrophages present TB bacteria on MHC II, recognised by Th1 cells. gamma interferon produced by Th1 cells to activate macrophages and the macrophages then produce IL12 to activate Th1 cells

45
Q

what makes some children prone to TB infection?

A

genetic defects on cytokines or their receptors

46
Q

what are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

Guillen barre syndrome, Rheumatic fever, type I diabetes, MS, myasthenia gravis

47
Q

what is Guillen Barre syndrome?

A

rapid onset of muscle weakness following an infection where immune system mistakenly attacks peripheral nerves

48
Q

what is rheumatic fever?

A

immune response attacks heart valves after streptococcal infection

Immunological Disorders (8 decks)

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