Inflammation II

Question 1

What areas of the kidney are most susceptible to hypoxia and ischemia/ infarction?

Answer 1

Straight segment of the proximal tubule (medulla), thick ascending limb (medulla) (p.213)

Question 2

What areas of the liver are most susceptible to hypoxia and ischemia/ infarction?

Answer 2

Area around the central vein (zone III) (p.213)

Question 3

What areas of the colon are most susceptible to hypoxia and ischemia/ infarction?

Answer 3

Splenic flecture, rectum (p.213)

Question 4

What is a watershed area?

Answer 4

An area receiving dual blood supply from the most distal branches of 2 arteries which protects these areas from single-vessel focal blockage. These areas are susceptible to ischemia from systemic hypoperfusion (p.213)

Question 5

What regions of the brain are affected by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)?

Answer 5

The pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and Purkinje cells (p.213)

Question 6

What is a ‘red infarct’?

Answer 6

A hemorrhagic infarct that occur in loose tissues with collaterals such as liver, lungs, or intestine, or following reperfusion (p.213)

Question 7

What is a ‘pale’ infarct?

Answer 7

An infarct occuring in solid tissues with a single blood supply such as the heart, kidney, and spleen (p.213)

Question 8

What causes a reperfusion injury?

Answer 8

Damage by free radicals (p.213)

Question 9

What are the four characteristics of hypovolemic/ cardiogenic shock?

Answer 9

Low output failure; increased TPR; low cardiac output; cold, clammy patient (vasoconstriction) (p.214)

Question 10

What are the four characteristics of septic shock?

Answer 10

High output failure; decreased TPR; dilated arterioles, high venous return; hot patient (vasodilation) (p.214)

Question 11

What are six possible causes of atrophy?

Answer 11

1.) decreased hormones (uterus/vagina); 2.) decreased inervation (motor neuron damage); 3.) decreased blood flow; 4.) decreased nutrients; 5.) increased pressure (nephrolithiasis); 6.) occlusion of the secretory ducts (cystic fibrosis) (p.214)

Question 12

Define atrophy.

Answer 12

Reduction in the number or the size of cells (p.214)

Question 13

What are the five characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 13

Rubor, Dolor, Calor, Tumor (swelling), and loss of function (p.214)

Question 14

Describe the vascular component of inflammation.

Answer 14

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury (p.214)

Question 15

Describe the cellular component of inflammation.

Answer 15

Neutrophils extravasate from circulation to injured tissue to participate in inflammation through phagocytosis, degranulation, and inflammatory mediator release (p.214)

Question 16

Describe acute inflammation.

Answer 16

Rapid in onset (seconds to minutes) and lasts minutes to days (p.214)

Question 17

Describe chronic inflammation.

Answer 17

Characterized by persistent destruction and repair and associated with blood vessel proliferation and fibrosis (p.214)

Question 18

Which inflammatory mediators are responsible for acute inflammation?

Answer 18

Neutrophils, eosinophlis, and antibodies (p.214)

Question 19

Which inflammatory mediators are responsible for chronic inflammation?

Answer 19

Mononuclear cell mediated (p.214)

Question 20

What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 20

Complete resolution, abcess formation, and progression to chronic inflammation (p.214)

Question 21

What are the possible outcomes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 21

Scarring and amyloidosis (p.214)

Question 22

What is a granuloma?

Answer 22

Nodular collection of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells (p.214)