Industrial Revolution

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land

Question 2

crop rotation

Answer 2

the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests.

Question 3

industrial revolution

Answer 3

the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments

Question 4

factors of production

Answer 4

economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit

Question 5

mechaniztion

Answer 5

to introduce machinery into (an industry, enterprise, etc.), especially in order to replace manual labor

Question 6

factory system

Answer 6

a manufacturing method for a standardized product or products in which fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used

Question 7

cottage industry

Answer 7

the production, for sale, of goods at home, as the making of handicrafts by rural families

Question 8

entrepeneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk

Question 9

tenements

Answer 9

Also called tenement house. a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city

Question 10

mass production

Answer 10

the production or manufacture of goods in large quantities, especially by machinery

Question 11

fordism

Answer 11

modern economic and social systems based on industrialized, standardized mass production and mass consumption

Question 12

corporation

Answer 12

association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members

Question 13

monopoly

Answer 13

exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

Question 14

strikes

Answer 14

to declare or engage in a suspension of (work) until an employer grants certain demands, such as pay increases, an improved pension plan, etc

Question 15

unions

Answer 15

a number of persons, states, etc., joined or associated together for some common purpose

Question 16

collective

Answer 16

of or characteristic of a group of individuals taken together

Question 17

bargaining

Answer 17

an advantageous purchase, especially one acquired at less than the usual cost

Question 18

eli whitney

Answer 18

1765–1825, U.S. manufacturer and inventor

Question 19

james watt

Answer 19

James, 1736–1819, Scottish engineer and inventor

Question 20

henry bessemer

Answer 20

Sir Henry, 1813–98, English engineer: inventor of the Bessemer process

Question 21

richard arkwright

Answer 21

Sir Richard, 1732–92, English inventor of the spinning jenny

Question 22

robert fulton

Answer 22

Robert, 1765–1815, U.S. engineer and inventor: builder of the first profitable steamboat

Question 23

samuel morse

Answer 23

1761–1826, U.S. geographer and Congregational clergyman (father of Samuel F. B. Morse

Question 24

henry ford

Answer 24

Henry, 1863–1947, U.S. automobile manufacturer

Question 25

JP morgan

Answer 25

1837–1913, U.S. financier and philanthropist

Question 26

immigration

Answer 26

to come to a country of which one is not a native, usually for permanent residence

Question 27

leisure

Answer 27

freedom from the demands of work or duty

Question 28

emigrate

Answer 28

to leave one country or region to settle in another; migrate

Question 29

push and pull factors

Answer 29

those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them

Question 30

textiles

Answer 30

any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting

Question 31

middle class

Answer 31

of, relating to, or characteristic of the middle class; bourgeois

Question 32

jane addam

Answer 32

pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace

Question 33

stuart mill

Answer 33

was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy

Question 34

utilitarianism

Answer 34

the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons

Question 35

meji restoration

Answer 35

chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji