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Important stuff for final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pig

  1. Pregnancy
  2. Lactation
  3. Weaning to service interval (NPD)
A
  1. 114 days
  2. 28 days (21-35)
  3. 7 days (4-10)
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2
Q

NPD

A
  • Non-productive days
  • When the sow is not pregnant nor lactating
  • NPD = 365 – (Length of pregnancy + Length of lactation) x Farrowing index
  • Pre-service and post-service NPD
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3
Q

Gilts

A

Female pigs that have not farrowed a litter and are intended for slaughter or breeding purposes

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4
Q

Involution

A

The process of an organ shrinking to its normal stage, after an extended period of inactivity (pregnancy).

  • The mammary gland return to its non-lactating state, and the uterus is a temporary barrier to fertility.
  • Conception is not possible. About 1 week in sows and about 3 weeks in cows and ewes.
  • Estrus and ovulation seldom occur together during this period and, if fertilization occurred and the embryo reached the uterus, placentation would be virtually impossible.
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5
Q

Peri-Parturient

A

The time immediately before and after giving birth

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6
Q

PDS

A

Post-Partum Dysgalactia Syndrome (prev. MMA)

  • Sows: mastitis with agelactia, vaginal discharge, fever
  • Decr. Prolactin prod. –> deco. colostrum+milk prod. -> incr. piglet mortality, diarrhoea, squealing, low weaning weight
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7
Q

Cause of MMA

A

-Swine: Usually Coliforms (E.coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter), or Strep., Staph. and Corynebacterium

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8
Q

Cause of UTI

A

-Swine: E. coli, Corynebacterium, Strep., Staph., Enterococcus

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9
Q

Treatment of MMA

A

AB: Potentiated sulphonamides, semisynthetic Penicillin derivatives, Aminoglycosides, TMP-sulphonamides
Often combined with Oxytocin, Claviceps compounds and Prostaglandins

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10
Q

Treatment of endometritis, metritis

A

Oxytocin, AB, NSAIDs

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11
Q

Replacement gilts

A

They are the female pigs that are waiting to be mated for the first time in order to enter the reproductive herd

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12
Q

Causative agents for late foetal death in piglets

A

Porcine Parvo virus, Aujeszky, Leptospirosis, PRRS, Encephalomyocarditis

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13
Q

Reasons of Non-infectious Post-parturient Mortality in pigs

A
  1. Decreased biological value
  2. Hypothermia
  3. Lack of colostrum
  4. Crushing
  5. Hypothermia-starvation-crushing complex
  6. Savaging
  7. Splay leg
  8. Hemorrhagic anemia
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14
Q

Reasons of Non-infectious Post-parturient Mortality in pigs

A
  1. Decreased biological value
  2. Hypothermia
  3. Lack of colostrum
  4. Crushing
  5. Hypothermia-starvation-crushing complex
  6. Savaging
  7. Splay leg
  8. Hemorrhagic anemia
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15
Q

Causative agents of gastroenteritis in piglets

A
  • Viral → TGE, Adeno, Corona, Rota, Calici
  • Bacterial → E. coli, Cl. perfringens A+C, Salmonella, Campylobacter
  • Parasitic → Coccidia
  • Fungus → Candida albicans
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16
Q

Pig age and kg:

  • Weaner house
  • Fattener house
A
  • Weaner House: 3-10 weeks of age. 4kg → 25+ kg

- Fattener House: 80-90 days of age → +30 kg until market weight reached

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17
Q

Factors effecting Growth and Efficacy of Fattening

A
  1. Breed
  2. Purebred or Crossbred (heterosis)
  3. Age → Rate of muscle : fat production
  4. Feed
    o Through space (feeder length)
    o Pan coverage
    o Feeder capacity
    o Feed form → Pellet vs. Mash
    o Feed quality → No mycotoxins, decr. moisture
  5. Water
  6. Airquality
  7. Stocking density, group size
  8. Biosecurity
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18
Q

Causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs, consequences

A

-Mycoplasma pneumonia (enzootic pneumonia): infectious and chronic bronchopneumonia (m. hyopneumonia)
-Atrophic Rhinitis: pasteurella multocida (primary causative agent), often associated with Bordetella bronchisepta.
-Porcine Pleuropneumoniae: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
-Other causes: streptococci, staphylococci, actinobacilli, influenza virus, aujeszkys disease, mycoplasma hyorhinis, acholeplasma axanthum, ascaris suum, metastrongylus
• Consequences: decreased pulmonary tissue available for O2 transport (reduced WG, increased FCR)

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19
Q

Diagnosis of respiratory disease in pigs

A

Necropsy, bacteriology, serology, coprological examinations (eg samples from deep nasal cavity/ affected parts of lung)

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20
Q

Slaughterhouse surveillance of pigs - resp. disease

A
  • Proportion of affected lungs
  • Severity of pneumonia in each lung lobe (0-2)-maximum score 14 (7 lung lobes)
  • Occurrence, proportion and severity of pleurisy/pericarditis (0-2)
  • Proportion of abscessed lungs (0-1)
  • Conchae, on request (0-4)
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21
Q

Lowest incidence of pneumonia

A
  • Production strictly in batches (all in all out)
  • Stocking density of less than 500 pigs/section, space volume over 3m3 per pig
  • Floor space over 0.7m2/pig
  • Solid manure handling system
  • Quality of ventilation = the most important risk factor.
22
Q

AB for resp. disease in pigs

A
  • Enrofloxacin and donofloxacine exert the best effect

- If tiamulin is combined with chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline (MIC is 2-8 times reduced), eg. tiamulin premix

23
Q

Vaccinations in pigs

A
  • Atrophic rhinitis
  • Porcine plueropneumonia (inactivated actinbacillus pleuropneumonia)
  • Mycoplasma
  • Suckling piglets are vaccinated twice (7 and 21 days of age)
24
Q

SPF herds: Free from?

A

African Swine fever, foot and mouth, swine vesicular disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia, porcine pleropneumonia, atrophic rhinitis, swine dysentery, lice, mange and ascaris

25
Q

Slaughterhouse Disease Monitoring and Surveillance Programs of swine - disease to look out for

A

1) Sarcopticmange
2) Enzootic pneumonia
3) Ileitis (Campylobacter)
4) Nephritis
5) Roundworm
6) Actinobacillus pluropneumonia
7) Pleurisy
8) Pericarditis
9) Peritonitis
10) Abscessation
11) Erysipelas
12) Atrophic rhinitis
13) Sow infertility
14) Gastric ulceration
15) Swine dysentery

26
Q

Slaughterhouse - Regular clinical examination of herd (resp. disease)

A

● By farmer, at least once a week, in the morning
● Coughing index
● Appetite loss
● Signs for pneumonia → respiratory difficulties, dog sitting position
● Scratching index (number of scratching incidences within 15 minutes in a group)
● Sneezing, coughing, ocular discharge, nose bleed
● Records about medical treatment, culling, mortality

27
Q

Poultry most used AB

A

Penicillin (Amoxicillin, Phenoxymethylpenicllin)

28
Q

AMEG categories

A
  • A - Avoid
  • B - Resitrict
  • C - Caution
  • D - Prudence
29
Q

Poultry diseases

  1. Histomonosis and Heterakis Gallinarum
  2. Clostridium
  3. Erysipelas
  4. Parvovirus
  5. Circovirus
  6. Polyomavirus
  7. Astrovirus
  8. Picornavirus
  9. Coronavirus
  10. Bordetellosis
  11. Birnavirus
  12. Orthomyxovirus
  13. Adenovirus
  14. Herpesvirus
  15. Poxvirus
  16. Campylobacteriosis
  17. Mycoplasmosis
  18. Fowl Cholera
  19. Anatipestifier Disease
  20. Ornithobacteriosis
  21. Infectious rhinitis
A
  1. Black Head Disease (turkeys, chickens)
  2. Necrotic Enteritis (C. perf. A+C) (mostly turkeys, some broilers), Ulcerative Enteritis (quail, chickens, turkeys), Botulism (toxins) - paralysis
  3. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathia - septicaemia
  4. Derszys disease (gosling+ducklings), Duck PV
  5. Chicken Infectious Anaemia, Duck/Goose CV
  6. Hemorrhagic nephritis+enteritis in Geese (+ducks)
  7. Avian Nephritis Virus
  8. Avian Encephalomyelitis (chickens+turkeys)
  9. Infectious Bronchitis (chicken), turkey CoV
  10. B. avium (turkeys, also quail, chicken) - RT dis.
  11. IBD - Gumboro (chicken)
  12. Influenza A
  13. Hemorrhagic enteritis (turkey), Marble Spleen Dis. (pheasants), Splenomegaly (chickens), IBH (chickens), EDS
  14. Marek´s dis. (chicken, turkey), Inf. laryngotracheitits, Duck Plague (viral enteritis)
  15. Fowl Pox
  16. C. jejuni, C. coli - Hepatitis
  17. M. gallisepticum, M. meleagris, M. synoviae – RT dis., M.iowae
  18. Pasteurella multocida A+D
  19. Riemerella Anatipestifier - infectious serositis
  20. Ornithobacteria rhinotracheitis - air sacculitis, pneu.
  21. Coryza – Avibacterium paragallinarum, Bordetellosis (turkey) - upper RT dis.
30
Q 
General data of dairy farms
• Average size of farms?
• Housing-management systems?
• Stocking density?
• Main problems?
A

• Average size of farms: 300 dairy cattle/farm
• Housing-management systems: loose keeping, milking in parlours, feeding with
completed feed mix.
• Stocking density: 6-8 m2 per cow
• Main problems: metabolic disorders and reproductive failures.

31
Q
  • Mean age at first calving?
  • Mean calving interval?
  • Mean length of lactation?
  • Dry period?
  • Culling rate due to reproduction inefficiency?
  • Culling rate?
  • Milk fever, RFM, LDA?
  • Ketosis?
A
  • Mean age at first calving: 2 years
  • Mean calving interval: 1 year
  • Mean length of lactation: 305 days
  • Dry period: 45-65 days
  • Culling rate due to reproduction inefficiency: <10%
  • Culling rate: <30%
  • Milk fever, RFM, LDA <5%
  • Ketosis <10%
32
Q
  1. Dry cows
  2. Fresh cows
  3. Early lactation
  4. Peak lactation
A
  1. Dry cows (1-2 wks before parturition)
  2. Fresh cows (1-7 weeks after calving)
  3. Early lactation: 8-30 days after calving (primiparous, multiparous)
  4. Peak lactation: 31-90 days after calving (primiparous, multiparous)
33
Q

Cow side tests

A
  • Rumen Fluid: Flotation, Sedimentation, Microbiological activity of rumen: Methylene blue test.
  • Blood: glucose, ketone bodies, carotene
  • Urine: pH, ketone bodies, specific gravity, pus, protein.
34
Q

Cow field examination

A

(BCS, feed quality, method of feeding, milk production and composition, reproductive performance of cows, health status of herd)

35
Q

Milk conductivity measurement

A

Electrical conductivity of milk increases during mastitis due to increases in Na+ and Cl- and decreases in K+ and lactose. Hand-held or in-milk-line instrumentation

36
Q

Cattle:

  • Optimal feed bunk space?
  • linear water access?
  • Stocking density?
  • Cubicle size?
  • Resting area?
A
  • Optimal feed bunk space: 76 cm2/cow
  • linear water access is min. 5-6cm/cow
  • -Stocking density: max. 100% (110% for short period, 80% in transition period)
  • Cubicle width: 127 cm, Length: 305cm
  • Resting area: 9 m2/cow
37
Q 
Calving:
Primary indices:
• Age at calving?
• BW at 1st calving?
• Mortality?
• Abortion in heifers?
Secondary indices:
• BW Gain in g/day?
• Reproduction performance?
• Mortality %?
• Morbidity %?
A

Primary indices:
• Age at calving 2 years
• BW at 1st calving 570kg
• Mortality <10%
• Abortion in heifers <4%
Secondary indices:
• BW Gain in g/day: prepuberty (10months) 800, postpuberty 825
• Reproduction performance: age @conception 15m, preg at first AI 75%, AI/preg 1.5
• Mortality %: 0.24hr <6, 1-30 days <2 , 1-24 months <1
• Morbidity %: diarrhea <20, resp diseases <6, lameness <5

38
Q

Pregnant cow/heifer management

A
  • Grouping
  • Proper nutrition
  • BCS (3-3.5)
  • Vaccination (E. coli, Rota, Corona) to incr. colostrum Ig
39
Q

Heifer

A

a young cow before she has had her first calf

40
Q

Placenta types
-Ru
-Swine
IgG amount

A
  • Ru: non-permeable to Ig

- IgG: 48 mg/ml in colostrum, 0,6 mg/ml in milk

41
Q

Calf post-partum

  • Days of colostrum/milk feeding
  • Closure
  • Weaning
A
  • Day 1: Colostrum
  • Day 1-3: “transition milk”
  • Day 3 –> 60-90: milk
  • Closure = end of the intestinal mucosal Ig transport – until 40 hr post partum
  • Weaning: 60-90 days of age
42
Q

Management of calves

A
  • Assistance at birth
  • Navel disinfection (alcohol and Iodine)
  • Separation of newborn calves
  • Recording and ID
  • Vet: dehorning (5-7 days), remove any extra teat
43
Q

Major mastitis pathogens

A
  • Contagious: Staph. Aureus, Strep. Agalactiae, Strep. canis, Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma spp. (M. bovis, M. agalactiae, M. californicum, M. canadense, M. bovigenitalium)
  • In between: CNS-Coagulase (-) Strep, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Prototheca zophii
  • Environmental: Strep. uberis, E. Coli, Coliforms, Yeasts, Molds
44
Q

Mastitis clinical signs + diagnosis

A
  • CM:
  • SCM: SCC: < 250k/ml, < 400k/ml
  • Diagnosis: California Mastitis Test (CMT), SCC, Electrical Conductivity
45
Q

Calf - Control of colostrum supply

A
  • Specific gravity of colostrum (colostrometer): IgG > 1,045 g/l, > 50 mg/ml
  • Sodium-sulfite precipitation test - 2-3 days calf serum + Na2SO3: check after 60min, opalescal change, precipitataion
  • Glutaraldehyde coagulation test - 2-3 days calf serum + 10% gluteraldehyde forms gel.
  • Radial Immuno-diffusion (RID) test
  • ELISA test from nasal mucous – IgG excreted into nasal mucous 4-7hrs after colostrum
    intake. Early diagnosis gives us a chance to apply more colostrum in case of insufficiency.
  • Refractometer to determine passive antibody transfer. Optimum: >65g/l
46
Q

Factors affecting the ruminal development

A
  • Functional and physical development
  • Establishment of the rumen microflora
  • Development of rumen motility and outflow (from 3 weeks of age)
  • Absorbtive ability of the rumen tissue
47
Q

Calve diarrhoea - common pathogens

A 
Viruses:
-	Rota
-	Adeno
-	Corona
-	BVD
-	IBR
-	Breda virus
-	Astrovirus
Bacterias
-	E. coli
-	Salmonella ssp.
-	Klebsiella ssp.
-	Proteus
-	Clostridium perfringens C+D
Parasites
-	Coccidies
-	Cryptosporidies
-	Protozoons
Fungi
-	Yeasts
48
Q

BRDC – Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

A
  • Young, housed calves (8 w. old) – Chronic, couging pneumonia – slow onset/Enzootic pneumonia – acute+sudden
  • BRSV – Bovine Resp. Syncytial Virus
  • PI-3
  • BVDV
  • Adenovirus types 2, 4, 6, 10
  • Herpes - BoHV-10 – IBR
  • Corona – respiratory bovine virus
  • Mycoplasma: M. dispar, M. bovis, Ureaplasma spp.
  • Bacterias: Mannheima (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Arcanobacterium/Actinomyces pyogenes, Haemophilus somnus, Fusobacterium necrophorum
49
Q

Antibiotics In poultry - 1st/2nd/3rd line

A

1st line: TC, Neomycin, Florfenicol
2nd line: Penicillin, Amoxicillin, 1st Gen. CS, Lincomycin, Macrolids, Tiamulin
3rd line: FQ, 3+4th Gen. CS

50
Q

Antibiotics In poultry:

  1. Conc. dep.
  2. Time dep.
  3. Bacteriostatic
A
  1. Conc. dep.: FQ, Aminoglycoside, Colistin
  2. Time dep.: Penicillin, Potentiated Sulphonamides
  3. Bacteriostatic: TC, Tilosin, Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Florfenicol
51
Q

Mastitis treatment

A

CM:
1. ID
2. Milk w. Quarter milk
3. Clean/disinf. Liner
4. Mark – Sick cow group
5. Milk again at end with other sick cows
6. Intramammary AB
7. Other? Antipyretics, infusions, cooling creams
SCM: not advised during lactation in larce scale dairy herds, unless bulk tank SCC is too high, use AB-free products

AH (1 decks)

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