important neuro Flashcards
What is hemiballismus? what brain lesion causes hemiballismus?
= sudden flailing of one side of the body
-damage to contralateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) of basal ganglia (responsible for the indirect motor pathway that sends signals to GPi to send GABA to thalamus and decrease motion) often due to lacunar stroke (in lenticulostriate vessels often secondary to hyaline ateriolosclerois from unmanaged HTN)
what syndrome causes sx of vertical gaze palsy, pupillary light-near dissociation, lid retraction, convergence retraction nystagmus? common to injury of ___ caused by ____
Parinaud syndrome
-dorsal midbrain lesion due to pinealoma
damage to _____ causes ____ aphasia where the patient is unable to repeat words (no if and or buts) but can understand words and speak fluently
arcuate fasciulus (connects brocas to wernickes area) -conduction aphasia
damage to cerebellar hemispheres vs cerebellar vermis?
hemispheres- ipsilateral loss of proproception (finger to nose), intention tremor, loss of balance (fall to side of lesion)
vermis- truncal ataxia, (wide based “drunken sailor” gait) and nystagmus
in an MCA stroke where there is damage to the frontal eye fields, eyes will look ____ in reference to the lesion
towards the side of lesion, and away from the time of hemiplegia
-MCA stroke involves facial muscle weakness as well as UE/LE
damage to the MLF is common in ____ and causes _____
common in MS and causes internuclear opthalmolegia
**IMPAIRED ADDUCTION OF IPSILATERAL EYE (right lesion means right eye cant look left) and NYSTAGMUS OF CONTRALATERAL EYE WITH ABDUCTION (right lesions means left eye nystagmus when look left)
(MLF is responsible for CN6 connection to CN3 to induce LR and MR movement of eyes to look in same direction)
-pt will present with inability of the the MR to move (if you ask patient to look left, only left eye will look left, but right eye will look straight)
which lesion causes eyes to look opposite of that of the lesion but towards the side of hemiplegia
paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
hypothalamus controls what? and has what nuclei?
-hunger, temp, sexual urges, hormones, thirst , ANS
- lateral nucleus ( hunger - makes you lateral +ghrelin)
- ventromedial nucleus (satiety- makes your waist medial +leptin)
- supra chiasmatic nucleus (circadian rhythm)
- anterior nucleus (cooling - AC) - PNS
- posterior nucleus (heating - hot pot) SNS
- SON - ADH
- PVN- oxytocin
- preoptic nucleus - thermoregulation and sexual urges (hot and heavy = preoccupied mind)
thalamus is major relay for all ascending sensory information except for
olfaction (smell)
spinothalamic (pain and temp) and dorsal column (pressure, proprioception, vibration) synapse in what THALAMIC nucleus
VPL
-ventral postero-lateral nucleus
what is the input into the THALAMIC nuclei VPM (ventral-posters-medial nucleus)
trigeminal (face sensation)
gustatory (taste)
lateral and medial geniculate nuclei from thalamus carries what information
lateral-vision
medial - hearing
ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus carries what input
motor information from cerebellum and basal ganglia
damage to ___ in the ____ causes reduced level of arousal and wakefulness
RAS (reticular activating system) in the midbrain
define medial medullary syndrome
- effect of stroke to anterior spinal artery (ASA)
- supplies the pyramids, ML, hypoglossal nucleus)
- damage to corticspinal tract -C/L paralysis of UE LE
- damage to medial lemniscus (dorsal column after decussation) C/L loss of proprioception, vibration, discrimination
- hypoglossa N. l damage - motor tongue damage therefore TONGUE DEVIATES IPSILATERALLY)
