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HDT 2.1 Immunology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What barrier defences do we have?

A

Physical: skin, lungs and gut
Active: cillia in lungs, secretions,

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2
Q

What are the key features of innate immunity?

A
  • Ready to activate at any time
  • No memory
  • Low specificity
  • Generic response
  • Recognises pathways as a whole
  • Essential to life
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3
Q

What happens when the innate system is activated ?

A
  1. Recognise the problem (Pattern Recognition Receptors)
  2. Reaction - e.g. cytokines which attract cells of the innate system to the site of infection
  3. Deal with the problem - phagocytosis, inflammation, and recruitment of the adaptive immune response.
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4
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Cells that recognise the threat - Antigen Presenting Cells (Dendritic and macrophages)
  2. Contain and destroy threat - phagocytes and granulocytes
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5
Q

What are the proteins of the innate system?

A

Acute phase proteins, cytokines and complement cascade of proteins

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6
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes consume microbes and dying cells

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7
Q

Where are immune cells derived from?

A

From haematopoeisis - bone marrow pre-cursors

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8
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of complement activation?

A
  1. Classical
  2. Lectin
  3. Alternative
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9
Q

What are the consequences of complement activation?

A
  1. Inflammation (complement components - c3a) trigger the release of histamine which increases vascular permeability
  2. Cytolysis
  3. Opsonisation (Complement components c3b bind to microbrial surface and promote phagocytosis
  4. Chemotaxis - c5a is a neutrophil chemoattractant
  5. Inactivation of complement - regulatory proteins limit damage to host cells that may be caused by complement
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10
Q

What are the key features of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Highly specific to the pathogen
  2. Can rapidly produce high quality immune response
  3. Memory
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11
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

They are conductors of the immune response. They differentiate into different types of cells

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12
Q

What are the different types of T cells and their function?

A

Cytotoxic - directly kill cells
Th1 and Th2 produce cytokines which help upregulate the immune response
T regulatory cells - help contract system down - by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines

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13
Q

What is the function of MHC?

A

Binds peptide fragments of the pathogen and display them on cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells

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14
Q

What T cell do MHC I molecules present to?

A

Cytotoxic

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15
Q

What T cell do MHC II molecules present to?

A

T helper cells

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16
Q

What is immunoglobulin?

A

Class of glycoproteins which function as antibodies (produced by the B lymphocytes)

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17
Q

What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulin?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgE
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18
Q

What are the two types of hypersensitivity? (Allergy)

A

TYPE I = immediate, quick recovery, life threatening e.g nut allergy

TYPE IV = > 4 hours, often a fay or 2 after antigen exposure. More difficult to resolve, more difficult to find the allergen e.g. contact dermatitis

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19
Q

What happens immunologically in a type I reaction?

A
  1. Antigen binds to the specific IgE.
  2. Antigen cross links IgE and FceRI
  3. Release of preformed mediators from mast cell
20
Q

What are the mast cell mediators?

A
  • Histamine
  • Prostaglandin
  • Leukotrienes
  • Tryptase
  • PAF (Platelelt Activation Factor)
21
Q

What do the mast cell mediators cause?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Vascular Permeability
  • Heart rate and cardiac contraction
  • Glandular secretion
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Hypotension
22
Q

How are parasites killed?

A

Eosinophils bind to the IgE, and they have oxygen and nitrogen radicals and toxic granules which kill it

23
Q

What allergy tests are available?

A

Skin prick testing and patch testing

24
Q

What are the symptom control treatment for asthma?

A
  • Allergen avoidance
  • steroids to relieve inflammation
  • B2 agonists to relieve bronchospasm
  • Stabilise mast cells
25
Q

What is subcutaneous immunotherapy?

A

Injecting allergen in a small amount

26
Q

What is sublingual immunotherapy?

A

Using a daily tablet containing allergen

27
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A severe, life threatening, generalised or systemic hypersensitivity reaction

28
Q

What is the ABC approach?

A
  • Airways (hoarse voice, swelling of tongue)
  • Breathing problems (increased RR, wheeze)
  • Circulation (hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac arrest)
29
Q

What does adrenaline do during anaphylaxis?

A
  • increase peripheral vasoconstriction
  • increase peripheral resistance
  • increases BP and coronary artery perfusion
  • decreases vascular permeability and angioedema
  • Bronchodilatation
  • decreases inflammatory mediator release
30
Q

Describe the physiology of the acute phase in the innate system.

A
  • Vasodilation: causes erythema (red colouration). Blood vessel dilates to pressure reduces
  • Cytokines and chemokines: attract cells to site of infection. Increased vascular permeability so white cells can migrate
  • Mediators: Released which causes pain and itching
31
Q

What affect does acute phase cytokines have on each organ? (Endothelium, hypothalamus, fat and muscle, liver, bone marrow and dendritic cells)

A
  • Endothelium: vasodilation and increased permeability
  • Hypothalamus: increased fever which decreases pathogen replication
  • Fat and muscle: protein and energy metabolism ( energy for the immune response)
  • Liver: acute phase protein activation (CRP) leads to increased opsonisation and complement activation
  • Bone marrow: Neutrophil mobilisation - increased phagocytosis
  • Dendritic cells: initiates adaptive immune response
32
Q

What are the consequences of drugs blocking the acute phase response?

A
  • No fever
  • Reduced neutrophilia
  • No CRP
  • Increased risk of infection
33
Q

How are pathogens recognised?

A
  • By pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
34
Q

What are the functions of an antibody?

A
  1. Neutralisation
  2. Precipitation
  3. Complement activation
  4. Opsonisation
  5. Cell activation by Fc receptors
  6. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
35
Q

When is immunoglobulin therapy used?

A

In antibody deficiency (unable to produce antibodies)

36
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

A substance that enhances the immunogenicity of substances mixed with it

37
Q

How do adjuvants work?

A
  1. They convert soluble antigens to particulate matter. This enhances uptake by antigen presenting cells and provides a slow release of antigen
  2. Include bacteria or bacterial products
  3. Toll receptor agonists as adjuvants
    - Enhances signals to macrophages and DCs through pattern recognition receptors
38
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When enough of the population has been vaccinated against an infectious organism

39
Q

What are inteferons?

A

They are key cytokines in viral and intracellular immunity

40
Q

Where are flu vaccines grown in?

A

Fertilised chicken eggs.

So small amount of albumin inside therefore risky for egg allergy patients.

41
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

Live or dead pathogen

42
Q

What disease is a result of tissue destruction? (Autoimmunity)

A

Diabetes - cytotoxic t cells kill insulin producing b cells

43
Q

What disease is a result of antibodies blocking normal function? (Autoimmunity)

A

Myathenia gravis: Ab binds to acetylcholine receptors - motor templates dont trigger (movement)

44
Q

What disease is a result of antibodies stimulating inappropriate function? (Autoimmunity)

A

Graves disease: Ab binds to TSH receptors and mimics thyroid stimulating hormone

45
Q

What disease is a result of antigen-antibody complexes affecting function? (Autoimmunity)

A

Rheumatoid arthritis: immune complexes deposited in the joints causing inflammation

HDT 2.1 Immunology (1 decks)

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