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Physiology Block 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Mast cells are: derived from / found in / contain:

A

Bone marrow cells / connective tissue / cytosolic vesicles filled with histamine

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2
Q

Macrophages are derived from?

A

Monocytes that have left the blood stream

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3
Q

Cytokine:

A

Protein messenger involved in immune response; how various immune cells communicate

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4
Q

Identity tags that tell innate immune cells a substance is foreign are typically made of:

A

Classes of CARBOHYDRATES or LIPIDS that are typically found in bacterial cell wall.

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5
Q

First protein activated in Alternate Pathway? / What immune system activates it?

A

C3 / Innate

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6
Q

Whereas recognizing carbohydrates and lipids as foreign is key to innate immunity, recognizing _________ is key to adaptive immunity?

A

Recognizing foreign substances based on specific proteins they produce

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7
Q

Interferon

A

Antiviral protein involved in innate immunity

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8
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis, release chemicals involved in inflammation (cytokines)

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9
Q

Eosinophils

A

Destroy multicellular parasites, participate in hypersensitivity reactions

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10
Q

Target for Cytotoxic T (CD 8) cells:

A

Body’s own cells that have been infected–virus-infected cells, cancer cells, tissue transplants

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11
Q

Role of Helper T Cells (CD4):

A

Secrete cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, & NK cells

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12
Q

Macrophages do the following 4 things:

A

Phagocytosis / Extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals / Present antigens to CD4 / Secrete cytokines

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13
Q

Classical Complement Pathway: starts with / required to activate this pathway?

A

C1 / Antibodies produced by B cells

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14
Q

Non-specific immunity activates which pathway? / This pathway starts with / This pathway bypasses / How is it activated?

A

Alternative Complement Pathway / Starts with C3 / Bypasses C1 / carbohydrate on microbe surface contacting circulating inactive complements beyond C1

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15
Q

Role of C3?

A

Opsonization - Deposits C3b on microbial cell wall, marking it for destruction by phagocytes.

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16
Q

At the end of the Complement Cascade, what is activated?

A

MAC - membrane attack complex

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17
Q

MAC / activated by / kills microbes by

A

Membrane Attack Complex / Complement Cascade / Binding to microbial membrane and making it leaky

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18
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells Attack _____________

A

The body’s own cells that have been infected

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19
Q

Difference in B Cell & plasma cell vs T Cell LOCATION:

A

B Cells stay in one place and produce antibodies / T cells enter blood & go to the location of the infected cells

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20
Q

Antigen Binding Site / Fc Portion of Antibody:

A

Where the heavy and light chains come together at the top / bottom part of the heavy chain

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21
Q

Why are MHC proteins important?

A

T cells cannot bind with antigens unless the antigens are complexed with these proteins

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22
Q

MHC 1 is found where / MHC 1 binds to?:

A

Found on all nucleated cells, i.e all your cells except RBCs / CD 8 on Cytotoxic T

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23
Q

MHC 2 is found on / MHC 2 binds to?

A

Found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B Cells / CD 4 on Helper T

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24
Q

List the Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) / What do two systems do they link?:

A

Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B Cells / Adaptive and Innate immune systems

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25
Q

What are the main targets of NK cells? / Why are they considered part of the adaptive immune system?

A

Virus-infected cells and cancerous cells / b/c their activity is enhanced by cytokines.

26
Q

Describe Clonal Deletion and Clonal Inactivation / Why are they important?

A

T cells in thymus of fetus –> exposed to self proteins –> after birth, those w/receptors able to bind to self are destroyed via apoptosis or made inactive / so our antibodies do not attack self

27
Q

How do antibodies kill a microbe?

A

Not directly; Fc receptor binds to phagocyte & attaches microbe to phagocyte

28
Q

IgG

A

Most common circulating antibody; Crosses the placenta so is transferred from mom to child; formed late in primary and throughout secondary immune response

29
Q

IgA

A

Found in breast milk; secreted by cells lining GI, GU, Resp tracts

30
Q

IgM / target

A

Biggest antibody (pentameter w/10 binding sites); IgG and IgM are the main antibodies produced by B Cells & involved in adaptive immunity; first antibodies secreted to new antigen / toxins for clumping

31
Q

IgE

A

Parasites / allergic response

32
Q

How do antibodies kill microbes?

A

Not directly, but rather, by linking them up w/ a phagocyte; phagocyte has Fc receptor

33
Q

What activates the Classic Complement Pathway?

A

IgG or IgM bound to antigen

34
Q

Describe the Classic Complement Pathway:

A

IgG or IgM is bound to antigen –> C1 binds to binding site on Fc portion of antibody –> entire pathway is activated

35
Q

End product of Complement Pathway? / What does it do?

A

MAC / kills foreign substance by making membrane leaky

36
Q

What is Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity? / What can antibodies link microbes to?

A

Antibodies linking microbes up w other cells for destruction / Phagocyte, NK Cell (C1)

37
Q

What can bind to the Fc portion of an antibody?

A

C1, Phagocyte, NK Cell

38
Q

Active Immunity:

A

Vaccine; exposure –> memory cells –> quicker responses

39
Q

Passive Immunity / Examples / duration:

A

Direct transfer of antibodies (IgG across placenta, IgA in breast milk) / Short lived immunity

40
Q

An individual with type AB blood has which antibodies? / Someone with B blood? / O?

A

Neither A nor B antibodies / anti-A antibody / Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

41
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) - Example / Explanation:

A

Anaphylaxis, asthma / IgE mediated; Mast cells bind to Fc site of IgE, triggering mast cells to secrete histamine.

42
Q

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Type II) - Example / Explanation:

A

Hemolytic Anemia / Mediated by antibodies that lead to damage or destruction of cells

43
Q

Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity (Type III) - Example / Explanation:

A

Damage to renal corpuscle / IgG and IgM antibodies bind large numbers of antigens; antigen-antibody complex are deposited in tissue and cause damage

44
Q

Delayed Hypersensitivity (Type IV) - Example / Explanation:

A

TB Skin Test; NOT ANTIBODY MEDIATED; mediated by helper T cells and macrophages secreting cytokines

45
Q

Components of Innate Immune System (4):

A

Inflammatory mediators / Phagocytic Cells / Interferons / Complement

46
Q

Components of Adaptive Immune System (2):

A

B Cells, T Cells

47
Q

Most prevalent to least prevalent sites of erythropoietic tissue (red bone marrow):

A

Vertebra > Sternum > Rib > Femur > Tibia

48
Q

Neutrophil response to presence of infection:

A

Stimulated by chemoattractant –> Margination (gets to side of vessel), Rolling, Adhesion, Diapedesis (leaves vessel)

49
Q

Neutrophils are more/less prevalent, live shorter/longer, phagocytize more/less than macrophages? / which is found in healthy tissue?

A

More, shorter, less / Macrophages

50
Q

C-Reactive Protein is produced by the _______ / binds to ___________ / acts as ___________

A

Liver / Carbohydrates and lipids in microbial cell walls / opsonin

51
Q

Type II Interferon is only produced by:

A

NK and Helper T

52
Q

Who releases and who responds to Il-1 and TNF?

A

Secreted by macrophages / activates Helper T

53
Q

Who releases / responds to Il-2?

A

Helper T / themselves and other immune cells

54
Q

Complement is a:

A

Plasma protein / zymogen

55
Q

What is a zymogen? / What catalyzes the rx that cleaves / activates Complement?

A

Enzyme in inactive form / Fc portion of antibody

56
Q

Target of IgM?

A

Toxins for clumping

57
Q

Antibody responsible for primary response to antigen?

A

IgM

58
Q

Antibody responsible for secondary response to antigen?

A

IgG

59
Q

APCs release _________________ to activate Helper T:

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

60
Q

Th2 releases ______________ to activate ____________

A

IL4, 5, 6 / B Cells

61
Q

Th1 releases ______________ to activate ______________

A

IL-2 and Interferon Gamma / T Cells

Physiology Block 1 (4 decks)

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