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Immuno Final > Immune System Dysregulation/Deficiency > Flashcards

Immune System Dysregulation/Deficiency Flashcards

1
Q

What are TWO pathologic conditions caused by a normal immune response?

A

tuberculosis (TB)

sepsis

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2
Q

_________ are conditions caused by DEFECTS in immune regulation

A

allergies

Hygiene hypothesis

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3
Q

_________ involve molecular mimicry and INFLAMMTION

A

autoimmune disorder

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4
Q

AIDS is an example of an _________

A

immunodeficiency

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5
Q

** _________ of the worlds population is INFECTED with MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

A

1/3

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6
Q

** _________ % of the population has a LIFETIME RISK of developing ACTIVE TB

A

5-10%

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7
Q

** TUBERCULOSIS (TB) modifies the surface of the _________, so that it is UNABLE TO FUSE with the _________. Therefore, the organism can thrive and multiple in the MACROPHAGE

A

phagosome

lysosome

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8
Q

If a person RECOVERS from TB, the battle causes a release of _________ like IFNy that hyperactive macrophages

A

cytokines

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9
Q

_________ and _________ eliminate the invader when a person recovers from TB

A

macrophages

neutrophils

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10
Q

_________ is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection

A

sepsis

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11
Q

SEPSIS occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream fight the infection trigger _________ throughout the body

A

inflammation

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12
Q

SEPSIS is MOST COMMON and most dangerous in _________ people (2)

A

elderly

people with weak immune systems

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13
Q

** _________ secreted by macrophages can increase vascular CAPILLARY permeability, causing large amounts of fluid loss/blood volume loss and septic shock

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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14
Q

_________ stimulation can DECREASE macrophage release of TNF

A

vagal stimulation

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15
Q

OVER HALF of the US population suffers from _________ hypersensitivity reactions (which include most common ALLERGIES)

A

type I hypersensitivity

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16
Q

** ALLERGIES and ASTHMA are associated with a _________ bias

A

Th2

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17
Q

** Allergic (atopic) reactions produce large amounts of _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias

A

IgE

Th2

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18
Q

** NON-allergic responses produce _________ antibodies and have a _________ bias

A

IgA

Th1

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19
Q

** Overproduction of _________ antibodies in response of environmental antigens cause ALLERGIES

A

IgE

20
Q

** During subsequent exposures, an allergen can crosslink IgE. This clustering sends a signal downstream promoting degranulation of MAST CELLS releasing _________, HEPARIN and other chemicals causing symptoms

A

histamine

21
Q

MAST CELLS, basophils and eosinophils provide a defense against parasitic infections that are TOO LARGE to be PHAGOCYTIZED by _________ and _________

A

macrophages

neutrophils

22
Q

MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS should only degranulate is response to _________ binding to parasite

A

IgE

23
Q

** A NEWBORN or infant exhibits a _________ bias

A

Th1

24
Q

** A FETUS needs to be protected from the mother’s immune system and is thought to have a _________ bias

A

Th2

25
Q

** The _________ produces large quantities of IL-4 which causes the maternal and fetal HELPER T cells to become _________ bias

A

Placenta

Th2

26
Q

What shifts a NEWBORN back to a Th1 bias?

A

contact with microbes

especially those in the soil

27
Q

Children on farms, who have multiple older siblings and dogs have a LOWER incidence of _________ and _________

A

allergies

asthma

28
Q

Allergy concordance in IDENTICAL TWINS is _________ %

A

50%

29
Q

Claritin is a _________ blocker

A

histamine

30
Q

Injecting increasing doses of crude extracts of allergens over the years gets B cells to class switch from IgE (allergies) to _________

A

IgG

31
Q

Too many repeated injections of allergens may trigger iTregs with produce _________ that SUPPRESS IgE production

A

cytokines

32
Q

** _________ results when a breakdown in the mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self is sever enough to cause a pathological condition

A

autoimmune disease

33
Q

** AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE affects _________ % of the US population and is more common in WOMEN

A

5-7.5%

34
Q

When lymphocytes have receptors that recognize their cognate antigen on the microbe, this is known as _________

A

molecular mimicry

35
Q

Autoimmune diseases can be caused by _________ + _________

A

molecular mimicry

inflammation

36
Q

** TB macrophages typically die via _________

A

necrosis

37
Q

** If an self-reactive T cells are NOT continually re-stimulated in autoimmune diseases, they die via _________

A

apoptosis

38
Q

** _________ reflexes control INFLAMMATION

A

Vagus (neural)

39
Q

** Autoimmune diseases frequently follow _________ (2)

A

bacterial INFECTIONS

viral INFECTIONS

40
Q

** What are TWO environmental factors associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE?

A

microbial attack

environmental pollutants

41
Q

** _________ must be present in order for AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE to develop

A

inflammation

42
Q

The _________ hypothesis holds that after INFECTION, there might be enough similarity to a self-antigen to cause a response

A

mimicry hypothesis

43
Q

** In SINGLE GENE MUTATIONS in non functional CD40 or CD40L cells, B cells are UNABLE to _________ and secrete mainly _________ antibodies

A 
class switch 
IgM
44
Q

When neither B cells or T cells function, it is known as _________

A

severe immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)

45
Q

** AIDS knocks out immune function by attacking/targeting _________ cells (2 names)

A

T HELPER cells

Th Cells

46
Q

Which cell types are infected by HIV-1? (3)

A

Helper T (Th) cells
macrophages
dendritic cells

47
Q

What is the name of the treatment used for HIV patients?

A

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment

HAART

Immuno Final (6 decks)

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