I. Urban precipitation Flashcards
1
Q
Types of rainfall
A
- Frontal rainfall
- Orographic rainfall
- Convectional rainfall
2
Q
Frontal rainfall
A
- cold and warm air meet: form fronts
- colder heavier
- warmer lighter
- warmer rises over the cold heavier
- warmer cools while rises and because of contact with colder
- condensation occurs: clouds form
3
Q
Orographic rainfall
A
- warm air rise over high areas
- air cools and condenses, forming clouds
- it rains
- air descends, warms and dries
4
Q
Convectional rainfall
A
- sun heats land and air above
- warm air rises, cools and condenses, forming clouds
- rain can then occur
5
Q
Effects of urbanisation on precipiation
A
- Enhanced convergence due to greater surface roughness
- Anthropogenic particle emission
- Urban heat islands (changes in water vapour over cities)
6
Q
What is UHI?
A
This phenomenon describes urban and suburban temperatures that are 1 to 6°Chotter than nearby rural areas.
7
Q
UHI impacts
A
- increasing energy demand
- air conditioning costs
- air pollution levels
- heat-related illness
- mortality
- enhance surface convection
- more clouds and rainfall
8
Q
Precipitation pollution
A
Wet and dry deposition of air pollution of airborne particulate matter (PM)
9
Q
Inorganic and organic pollutants:
A
−Nitrogen
−Sulphur
−Heavy metal particles (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg)
10
Q
Main contributors:
A
Motor vehicles, gas, coal, industry
