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Geography - Disasters and hazards > Hydrometerological hazards > Flashcards

Hydrometerological hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrometeological hazard?

A

Hazards related to oceanic, atmospheric, hydrological nature

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2
Q

What are examples of these?

A

-bushfires
-storms
-floods
-cyclones/tornado/hurricanes

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3
Q

What is weather?

A

-atmospheric conditions over a short period of time

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4
Q

High pressure area?

A

-settled and fair weather
-thick atmosphere
-pushes air down at surface and prevents moisture from cool + condense into rain

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5
Q

What are Isobars?

A

connected points with same mean air pressure

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6
Q

What is climate?

A

Average weather conditions over a long period of time

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7
Q

What is weather?

A

humidity (water vapor)
-precipitation (rain to snow)
-air pressure (within atmosphere)
-temp
-wind (direction + speed)

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8
Q

What is relief rainfall?

A

-formed when air is forced to cool when it rises above mountains

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9
Q

What is the cold front?

A

-Warm-cold air boundary w/ cold air replacing warm air

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10
Q

What is the warm front?

A

-boundary between cool and warm air w/ warm air replacing cold air

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11
Q

Factors causing variation in climate?

A

-latitude
-sea distance
-altitude
-topography

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12
Q

What is ENSO?

A

El Nino southern oscillation
-variations in pacific ocean temp, air, winds
-indication of dev + intensity of EN or LN events in PAO

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13
Q

Neutral?

A

Warm water
-toward east coast of Aus

characteristics
-walker circulation formed
-wind east to west

Effects
-less extreme weather
-possible of droughts and floods

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14
Q

La nina?

A

Warm water
-towards east coast of Aus

characteristics
-walker circulation fully formed
-stronger trade winks

Effects
-evap and precip
-more risk of floods, cyclones

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15
Q

El Nino?

A

Warm water
-towards west coast of south America
-cold water toward east Aus coast

characteristics
-slower trade winds
-walker circulation breaks down

Effects
-less evap and precip
-more risk of droughts, fires

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16
Q

What is climate change?

A

-average conditions In a region over a long period of time

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17
Q

What is global warming?

A

-gradual and global increase in the earths temp usually due to green house gases caused by CO2

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18
Q

Solar variations?

A

-amount of solar energy being released by the sun
-sunspots = magnetic field of sun

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19
Q

Volcanos?

A

-Volcanic gases cause global cooling as blocks sun radiation
-volcanic CO2 causes global warming

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20
Q

Milankovitch theory?

A

-long term effect of change in earth position relative to sun

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21
Q

Albedo?

A

-reflectiveness of a surface
-snow/ice reflects 90% of sun
-water only reflects 6% of sun

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22
Q

Low pressure area?

A

-unsettled weather
-thin atmosphere
-wind blows in
-air rises = condensation

-air rises and water vapor condenses = clouds + rain

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23
Q

What is a bushfire?

A

-fire burning out of control in grass and forested areas

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24
Q

Ground fire?

A

underground fire e.g. roots, coal, peat

25
Q

Surface fire?

A

low-high intensity fire on grass, shrubs, litter

26
Q

Crown fire?

A

-high intensity fire on top of trees and can spread

-strong winds cause spread

27
Q

Grass fire?

A

-common type
-along flat areas of grass or shrubs

-fast fires

-low-high intensity fire

28
Q

Forest fire?

A

-In forested areas of woodlands

29
Q

Fuel load?

A

-dry flammable fuel like grass help spread quickly

30
Q

Fuel moisture?

A

Moisture slows fire

31
Q

Wind speed?

A

High wind carries fire + increase speed

32
Q

temp?

A

Hot/dry weather encourage long term spread

33
Q

humidity?

A

Humidity slows fire

34
Q

Ignition source?

A

Some sources may cause bigger ignitions e.g. explosion

35
Q

slope?

A

Fire burns faster upwards b/c unburnt fuel

36
Q

How does climate change impact bushfires?

A

-GHG makes atmosphere hotter for fires
-warmer weather increases number of fire risk days
-fuel load for CO2 emissions
-higher temp causes evaporation thus dryer for fires

37
Q

Planned burning?

A

+
-reduce fire risk
-maintain natural fire regimes

-
-loss of biodiversity
-little effect on reduction of large fires
-accidently leads to larger bushfires

38
Q

MODIS – Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
What?

A

-sensor aboard NASA’s aquatic + Terra satellites which orbit earth

+
-collect range of data inc measure of area burnt and locations of fires

-Data is analysed overtime to monitor spread of fires and thus track future fire risks

-
-X distinguish types of fires so volcanos are seen as one, thus X accurate

-X detect fire less than 100m

-X detect fire if weather conditions aren’t perfect e.g smoke cover

39
Q

Digital earth hotspot Australia – DEA
What?

A

Australian bushfire monitoring system developed through CSIRO

+
-allows emergency personal and authorities to track fires and find where they started

-its updates several times a day using GIS

-Accuracy 1.5km which makes it effective in monitoring remote fires

-used during Black summer bushfires for tracking and distributing resources

40
Q

What is a drought?

A

Prolonged, abnormally dry period where amount of water available doesn’t meet the normal use.

41
Q

Lake Wendouree refill plan?

A

Announced in Jan 2006 by partnerships of Ballarat council and state government in which the aims was to use stormwater and treated water for alternative drinking water.

+
-permanent source of water for Ballarat and nearby regions
-boost the economy of Ballarat as 7million lost in drought
-water sports and enjoyment of the people

-
-debate on who refill may benefit
-quality of water worry b/c using sewage water as substitution
-dependent on climate of the region and if lake Wendouree will actually refill

42
Q

What are the types of droughts?

A

-Metrological
-hydrological
-agricultural
-socio-economic

43
Q

When is a drought deemed over?

A

The community needs, enough water to sustain the environment however it varies

44
Q

What is a flood?

A

When water flows over land that is normally dry

45
Q

River floods?

A

-caused by rivers exceeding bank full capacity

46
Q

Coastal floods?

A

-caused by low lying areas being inundated by sea water

47
Q

What are the factors influencing hydrological cycle?

A

-slope angle
-veggie cover
-urbanisation
-rainfall intensity
-soil depth + absorption

48
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

-change of sea level caused by storm
-large waves guaranteed by strong winds pushing lots of water inland

49
Q

What are the human responses to floods?

A

-levees
-drainage systems
-dams
-flood warning and community preparedness
-Geospatial technology

50
Q

What are the limitations of these response to floods?

A

-alter river flows
-change ecosystem balance
-cause bigger disasters such as a dam breaking

51
Q

What are tropical storms?

A

-Max speed of win reaches more than 63km/h

52
Q

What is an ocean basin?

A

Max speed more than 116km/h

53
Q

Hurricanes?

A

North Atlantic/northeast pacific ocean

54
Q

Typhoons?

A

Northwest pacific ocean

55
Q

Cyclones?

A

South pacific + Indian ocean

56
Q

Bushfire management?
Before

A

-reduce fire risk and magnitude through fuel reduction
-warnings and danger rating

57
Q

Bushfire management?
During

A

-cut oxygen
-soil or foam
-water
-fire retardant

58
Q

Bushfire management?
After

A

-managing priv vegetation
-fire resistant houses
-sprinkler system

Geography - Disasters and hazards (4 decks)

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