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Human Factors > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

According to Rasmussen what are skilled based behaviours

A

Routine activities conducted automatically
Do not require conscious allocation of attentional resources
Determined by stored preprogrammed patterns of instructions
Inability to verbalise

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2
Q

What are rule based behaviours

A

Activities controlled by a set of stored rules or procedures

Rules can be verbalised

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3
Q

What are 2 important points about competence

A

Controller confidence

Deteriorating competence

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4
Q

Human error is not random and can be….

A

A function of system design

Task, equipment, procedures, traffic demands

Associated with controller attributes

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5
Q

What is accident causation model usually known as

A

Swiss cheese model

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6
Q

Information about aircraft is usually spilt into 2 groups

A

Quantitative

Qualitative

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7
Q

What does ABES stand for

A

Abnormal and emergency scenarios

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8
Q

Human factors in ATC contain interaction with

A

People
Procedures
Equipment

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9
Q

How can an environment be characterised

A

Physically
Cognitively
Organisationally

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10
Q

What is the causation chain

A

All related windows of opportunity at all levels align this leading to an accident

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11
Q

What can mistakes be subdivided into

A

Errors of judgement

Poor controlling techniques

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12
Q

What can overconfidence lead to?

A

Complacency

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13
Q

Why is overconfidence bad in ATC

A

Gives feeling of invincibility and may tempt ATCO to take chances which would not normally be considered

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14
Q

What are the factors affecting non verbal communication

A 
Touch 
Expression 
Speed of movement 
Tone 
Gestures
Loudness 
Pitch
Body language 
Proxemics (personal space)
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15
Q

What are the causes of fatigue

A

Disturbed rhythms
Demanding tasks
Cumulative effects
Stress

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of ATCO error

A

Slip
Lapse
Mistake

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17
Q

What are knowledge based behaviours

A

Stored rules don’t apply and a plan must be developed
The plan often needs to change based on situation
Performance is goal controlled

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18
Q

What is serialist strategy

A

Like info to be given bit by bit in a neat logical order

Don’t like uncertainty in learning

Cautious about accepting explanation offered

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of learner

A

Surface

Deep

Strategic

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20
Q

What are the 4 major mechanisms for info processing

A

Sensory

Perceptual

Decision

Effector of response

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21
Q

What is the difference between fatigue and tiredness

A

Fatigue is where there is no certainty that a person could be aroused/motivated in an emergency situation even when considerable stimulus is present

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22
Q

Why might users be unaware of liveware hardware deficiencies

A

Because natural human characteristic to adapt to L-H deficiency so may be unaware of how bad it’s became

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23
Q

What is the learning process according to blooms cognitive taxonomy

A 
Knowledge 
Understanding 
Application 
Analysis 
Synthesis 
Evaluation
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24
Q

What is the window of opportunity

A

Opportunity for active and latent errors to contribute to an accident

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25
Q

What are latent errors

A

Remaining contributory elements in organisation

Factors that could contribute to an accident

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26
Q

Some factors affecting human errors are

A 
Job satisfaction 
Fatigue 
Lack of skill
Lack of info 
Distraction 
Multi tasking 
Misunderstanding
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27
Q

How can fatigue be overcome

A

Sleep
Rest
Increasing physical fitness

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28
Q

What is chronic fatigue

A

Long term fatigue

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29
Q

What is acute fatigue

A

Induced by long duty periods or a string of particularly demanding tasks performed in a short term

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30
Q

What are some reasons against automation

A

Over reliance on computers
Decrease In staff numbers
Decrease in team participation
Programmed mistakes - limited options

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31
Q

What are the points in the communication process

A 
Sender 
Encoder 
Transmitter
Signal 
Interface 
Reception
Decoder 
Receiver
32
Q

What does the Rasmussen model state

A

That there are 3 types of performance classifications
Skill based
Knowledge based
Rule based

33
Q

What are the 3 types of performance classification set out by Rasmussen

A

Skill
Knowledge
Rule

34
Q

Name some developments in ATC alternative solutions

A

Replacement of manual functions by automation

Flexible use of airspace

Change from short term tactical to strategic pre planning

35
Q

What do the letters of SHEL stand for

A

Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware

36
Q

What are hear back read back errors

A

When ATCO fails to properly hear back and does not correct a wrong read back

37
Q

What are professional standards

A 
Good punctuality 
Rigour
Adherence to rules 
Positive team work attitude
Encouraging positive safety culture
38
Q

What is blooms revised cognitive taxonomy

A

Lower order thinking to higher order thinking

Remember
Understand 
Apply
Analyse
Evaluate 
Create
39
Q

What is mental fatigue

A

Results from emotional stress even with normal physics rest

40
Q

Level of detail used to classify varies

A

General

Specific

41
Q

What are the 2 stages of communication

A

Transmit

Receive

42
Q

What can boredom be increased by

A 
Passivity 
Requirement to maintain alertness 
Fewer ops to demonstrate skills
Less human interaction
Reduced challenge of job
43
Q

What is holist strategy

A

Wider picture in mind

Anecdotes

Can accept random info

Happy with intermediate uncertainty

44
Q

What is learning

A

A change in behaviour
Relatively permanent
Brought about by an experience

45
Q

What are some barriers to verbal communication

A 
Word choice
Distortion/load
Workload
Expectancy 
Noise and masking 
Interruption
Intonation 
Speed
Tone
46
Q

What are the 2 phases of the communication loop

A

Transmit (read back)

Receive (hear back)

47
Q

What is the difference between hearing and listening

A

Listening involves selecting, attending, understanding and remembering the info

48
Q

What type of process is hearing

A

Passive

49
Q

What type of process is listening

A

Active

50
Q

What are the 2 types of process?

A

Passive

Active

51
Q

What is fatigue

A

A condition reflecting inadequate rest

52
Q

What are the 3 types of fatigue

A

Acute
Chronic
Mental

53
Q

What are mistakes

A

Action performed as intended but plan faulty

54
Q

What are lapses

A

Controller has failed to do something

55
Q

What are possible causes of lapse

A

Distraction

Lack of attention.

56
Q

What is ergonomics

A

Study of man in relation to working environment

Adaption of machines and general conditions to fit needs so human can work to max efficiency

57
Q

What are active errors

A

Proximal cause of an accident

Without the distraction accident would have been prevented

58
Q

What are slips

A

Intention correct but not carried out as planned

Likely to be one off errors

59
Q

How do you distinguish between rule and skill based behaviours

A

The attention and level of training of each individual

60
Q

What are the 5 difference and commonalities

A 
Attitude 
Culture
Verbal 
Physical
Mental
61
Q

How do you recognise team dynamics

A 
Personality style
Team roles 
Building layout 
Tools and technology
Organisational culture 
Process/methodology/procedures
62
Q

What is a violation

A

A deliberate action known to be against the rules

ATCO purposefully chose to disregard procedures

63
Q

What are team dynamics

A

Unseen forces that operate in a team

Strongly influence how a team reacts behaves or performs

64
Q

What is liveware

A

A person

The most critical as well as the most flexible component of the system

65
Q

What are the 4 main concepts in Reasons model of latent condition

A

Active error
Latent error
Window of opportunity
Causation chain

66
Q

What are the 3 types of team members

A

Doers
Thinkers
Carers

67
Q

What are the essential features of a team

A

Variety of different styles

Committee members -consensus

Clear challenging objectives which everyone understands and wants to achieve

68
Q

What can fatigue be caused by

A

Boredom

Both high and low information processing

69
Q

What are the 4 different types of stress

A

Fatigue and overwork
Environment
Internal
Survival

70
Q

Hear back read back error solutions

A

Speak crisply and clearly

No ambiguous transmissions

Avoid long clearances with confusing numbers

Avoid frequency congestion

Observe standard phraseology

Actively listen to read backs

71
Q

What are some reasons for automation

A

Stops idleness

Routine unskilled task performed consistently

Does not require indefinite monitoring

Does not care about opinions or respect

72
Q

What is hardware

A

The machine that’s used

Not the software on the machines

73
Q

How can liveware hardware deficiencies be rectified

A

Design and procedure

74
Q

What is the communication loop

A

ATC clearance transmitted

Pilot listens and reads back (transmit)

Controller listens (hear back)

Controller acknowledges or corrects (transmit)

Pilot listens (hear back)

75
Q

What are the objectives of workplace design

A 
Achieve high standards 
Promote safety policies 
Permit staff flexibility 
Fulfil ancillary functions
Meet liaison coordination comms 
Provide info 
Reflect task structure
Ergonomic recommendation 
Prevent foreseeable errors 
Pleasant and harmonious 
Intelligible presentation 
No adverse affects 
Foster interest and job satisfaction

Human Factors (1 decks)

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