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zoology > human excretory and products > Flashcards

human excretory and products Flashcards

basics

1
Q

Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water and ions like?

A

Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc

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2
Q

the major forms of nitrogenous wastes are?

A

Ammonia, urea and uric acid

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3
Q

what is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination?

A

Ammonia

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4
Q

The process of excreting ammonia is known as?

A

Ammonotelism

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5
Q

organisms which are ammonotelic in nature?

A

Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature.

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6
Q

Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for _________

they are not asking the examples

A

conservation of water

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7
Q

what is ureotelic?

A

the org which produce urea as the waste product

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8
Q

ureotelic examples?

A

Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes

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9
Q

Some amount of urea may be retained in the kidney matrix of some of these animals to maintain ______

A

osmolarity

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10
Q

change their osmolarity acc to the atmosphere

A

osmoconformers

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11
Q

maintain their osmolarity

A

osmoregulators

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12
Q

change their osmolarity and give up after

A

partial osmoconformers

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13
Q

examples of osmoconformers

A

Invertebrates

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14
Q

examples of osmoregulatory with exception

A

all vertebrates
excep: Myxine (most primitive yet comes under osmoregulatory)

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15
Q

Examples of partial osmoconformers

A

elasmabranchis (shark and rays)

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16
Q

ammonia is converted into ______ and in _______?

conversion of ammonia takes place where? and it’s converted into wut?

A

urea, liver

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17
Q

the most toxic waste material and the least toxic _________ and __________

A

ammonia, uric acid

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18
Q

waste material which is least soluble in water?

A

uric acid

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19
Q

most expensive waste

A

uric acid

because it requires alot of energy to throw out

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20
Q

Uricotelic examples?

A

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects

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21
Q

in mammal small amount of uric acid is formed by metabolism of ________

A

purines

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22
Q

Excess of uric acid ___________

A

gouty arthritis

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23
Q

excretory mode in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus.

A

protonephridia, flame cells

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24
Q

__________ is concerned with ionic fluid volume and regulations

A

protonephridia

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25
Q

excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids.

A

nephridia

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26
Q

excretory structures of most of the insects including cockroaches

A

malphigian tube

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27
Q

perform excretory function in crustaceans like prawns.

A

antennal glands or green glands

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28
Q

______ maintains osmotic pressure and found in ________

which excretory organ maintains osmotic pressure?
and it’s found in whic

A

nephridia, earthworm

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29
Q

ammonia is diffused by in fish

A

gills surface

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30
Q

Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into ________ which is _______ and _______ out by the _______

blood, kidneys, excreted, filtered

A

blood, filtered, excreted, kidneys

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31
Q

excretory system consists of?

A
  1. a pair of kidneys
  2. one pair of ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
32
Q

kidneys are situated between?

A

the levels of last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity

33
Q

kidney in length, width, thickness and avg weight?

A

length- 10-12cm
width- 5-7cm
thickness- 2-3 cm
avg weight- 120-170g

34
Q

notch like structure hilum is situated?

A

towards the centre of the inner concave surface of the kidney

35
Q

who carries deoxy blood to kidney?

A

renal vein

36
Q

who brings oxygen blood to kidney?

A

renal arteries

37
Q

why is right kidney is lil bit lower than the left kidney?

A

placement of the liver

38
Q

why is kidney retroperitoneal?

A

it’s situated dorsally hence only surrounded by peritoneum

39
Q

kidney is surrounded by peritoneum from which side?

A

ventral

40
Q

kidney is made from metanephros hence known as ______

A

metanephric

41
Q

layers present in kidney

A

inner layer- renal capsule (irregular connective tissue)
middle layer- adipose capsule (shock absorbers)
outer layer- renal fascia (connective tissue)

42
Q

two zones in kidneys

A

cortex and medulla

43
Q

cortical part which penetrates into medulla ________

A

renal columns of Bertini

44
Q

how many layers does ureter have?

A

innermost- transitional epithelium
middle- muscular level
outermost- connective tissue

45
Q

in ureter peristaltic movement is done by which muscles?

A

muscular level (longitudinal and circular muscles)

46
Q

layers present in urinary bladder?

A

1.transitional layer (eurothelium)
2.muscular level (detrusor muscle)
(3 levels of muscles, longitudinal, Circular and longitudinal) (smooth muscles)
3. connective tissue

47
Q

how many urethral sphincter is present in kidney

A

2

48
Q

internal sphincter is ___________
external sphincter is __________
(in terms of voluntary and involuntary)

A

Involuntary
voluntary

49
Q

voiding of urine is known as _________

A

micturition or urination

50
Q

during micturition, bladder relax/contract?
and sphincter relax/contract?

A

bladder- contract
sphincter- relax

51
Q

when there’s no bladder control is known as

A

incontineunce of urine

52
Q

urethra is found only in ________

A

mammals

53
Q

males have ________ urethra and females have ________ urethra

A

longer, shorter

54
Q

urinogenital is found where?

A

in male urethra

55
Q

urinogenital duct carries? and female urethra carries?

A

urinogenital- sperms+urine
female- only urine

56
Q

UTI is more prone towards

A

female

57
Q

each kidney has nearly _________

A

one million nephrons

58
Q

functionals units _______

A

nephrons

59
Q

two parts of nephron

A

glomerulus and renal tubule

60
Q

_________ is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole

A

glomerulus

61
Q

Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by

A

efferent arteriole

62
Q

The renal tubule begins with a double walled cup-like structure called

A

bowman’s capsule

63
Q

bowman’s capsule is enclosed by ______

A

Glomerulus

64
Q

Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule, is called

A

malpighian body or renal corpuscle

65
Q

highly coiled network found in tubule ________

A

proximal convoluted tubule

66
Q

loop of henle has ____________ and ___________ limbs

A

ascending and descending

67
Q

The ascending limb continues as another highly coiled tubular region called

A

distal convoluted tubule

68
Q

________ of many nephrons open into a straight tube called collecting duct

A

DCTs

69
Q

efferent arteriole forms _________ capillary

A

peritubular

70
Q

circule, hairpin shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the loop of henle and forming ‘U’ shape is known as

A

vasa recta

71
Q

2 types of nephron

A

cortical and juxta medullary nephron

72
Q

absence of vasa recta is in?

A

cortical

73
Q

long loop of henle is in?

A

Juxta medullary nephron

74
Q

tubules found in renal cortex

A

PCTs and DTCs

75
Q

tubules found in medulla

A

LOH and collecting tubule as well as collecting duct

zoology (1 decks)

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