Hoorcollege 5

Question 1

What time is it?

Answer 1

1. The time of formal colonialism is no more
2. But traces remain: the colonially of gender, the invention of race, unequal global trade, nationalism, etc.
3. Projects of Equaliberty and dreams of a democracy to come are alive and well

Question 2

Patterns of ethno-somatic stratification

Answer 2

1. The North American mode of binary
2. Caribbean pluralist mode
3. The North European mode of proletarian incorporation
4. The Latin American mode of hegemonic blanqueamiento

Question 3

North American model

Answer 3

1. The one-drop rule = the classification of al persons either as “white” or “black”, regardless of soma which was became dominant in the late nineteenth century
2. North-South/Midwest and West Coast distinctions need to be taken into account (the not being blak category matters more in the South - the so-called possession of ‘white’ women matters still in all)
3. Caribbean Americans income profile close to Euro-Americans
4. Nigerian Americans higher educated demographic in the USA

Question 4

Caribbean pluralistic mode

Answer 4

1. A continuum of radicalized identifications
2. Class matters e.g. Portuguese and Red category
3. Orlando Patterson writes that there you find “significant upward mobility of black and brown people into the upper classes” which “had resulted in elites that are now predominantly nonwhite and increasingly made up of persons of visibly black ancestry. Black and brown people dominate the political system, the professions, and play significant and increasing roles in business. This is found in no other part of the Americas or, indeed, anywhere else except Africa”
4. Afro/Indo/Sino Creole and Euro-Creole complex are co-constitutive tectonic structures constantly bleeding into each other

Question 5

Latin American model

Answer 5

1. The old anthropological saying is “in Latin America poverty integrates, while in the USA it segregates.
2. So you get a situation of less separate but more unequal
3. The lower and middle class exhibit similar patterns as found in non-Hispanic Caribbean countries
4. The elites accept mixture but more apprehensive when it comes to their ranks.

Question 6

European mode

Answer 6

1. “the fact that nonwhiteness is important for nonwhites, in no way implies that whiteness is in any way meaningful for whites.
2. Colour-coded racism has gained ascendancy here only recently (after WOII)
3. Social welfare programs have mattered even as racism remain
4. A mixed picture emerges: The educational level (HBO/WO) of native Dutch and second generation Antilleans and Arubans is 37% and thus equal. One-third of the second generation Surinamers enjoy higher education. The percentage among second generation Moroccans and Turksare lower but rising

Question 7

Blackness

Answer 7

Denotes the historical racist operations (political-economic, cultural, and social) of naming a group of people Black and therewith making it legitimate that they be treated as means rather than ends in themselves

Question 8

Global anti-black racism

Answer 8

Global anti-black racism refers to the way how since the horror of the trans-Atlantic slavery (part of the operation of Blackness), brown skinned people of sub-Saharan African descent became known as black people. In being given this name they have been symbolically and materially disenfranchised on the basis of the idea of racial difference

Question 9

Global anti-blackness

Answer 9

Global anti-Blackness speaks to a wider operation. The concept accommodates all historically constituted groups from the Royingha, Australian Aboriginals, Dalits, Amazigh, to the Sami people, who currently face harsh racism

Question 10

Political blackness

Answer 10

A term borrowed from Stuart Hall, designates those people who re-signify and transform Blackness into a political identity similar to the proletariat. In doing so they seek to dismantle the racially justified unjust economic order.