HIV And Monochlonal Anitbodies Flashcards
What is the structure and function of HIV
1.attachment proteins=on the exterior of the envelope to enable the virus to attach to the host helper T cell
2.capsid=outer protein coat
3.envelope = extra outer layer made out of membranes taken from the hosts cell surface membrane
4.core= contains genetic material(RNA) and the enzyme reverse transcriptase which is needed for viral replication
Describe how HIV is replicated
-HIV attaches to surface receptors on a helper T cell
-HIV protein capsule fuses with the helper T cell membrane enabling RNA and enzymes from HIV to enter
-reverse transcriptase enzyme copies the viral RNA into DNA
-helper T cell creates viral proteins
-viral enzymes and capsid produced
-this forms a new HIV particle which released out of host cells
How does HIV cause the symptoms of AIDS
-aids is when the replicating viruses in the helper T cells interfere with their immune system
-with the helper T cells being destroyed by the virus the host is unable to produce an adequate immune response to other pathogens and left vulnerable to infections and cancer
-leads to death
Give 3 symptoms of aids
-respiratory problems
-fever
-diarrhoea
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses
-antibiotics are only designed to target bacteria/bacterial infection
-they kill Bacteria by interfering with their metabolic reactions by targeting bacterial enzymes/ribosomes
-viruses also don’t have their own enzymes and ribosomes
What is a monoclonal antibody
- single type of antibody with the same tertiary structure
-it has been isolated and cloned by plasma cells and B cells
Antibodies have binding sites complementary in shape to certain antigens
What has this been manipulated to create monoclonal antibodies for
-pregnancy test
-medical diagnosis
-medical treatment
Describe how monoclonal antibody is a targeting medication to specific cell types - cancer cells
-monoclonal antibodies can be designed to treat cancer cells with a binding site complementary in shape To the antigens of cancer cells
-the antibodies are bound to the cancer antigens preventing chemicals to bind to the cancer cells
-this prevents the cancer cells growing so they dint harm other normal cells
-anti cancer drugs can also attach to the antibodies
-after that once the antibodies come in contact with the cancer cells they will bind to tube markers
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to test for pregnancy,prostrate cancer,Covid 19 test
By the Elisa test
Describe the use of antibodies in the Elisa test
-the first antibody,complementary in shape to the antigen
-a second antibody has an enzyme attached to it and attaches to antigem
-substrate added and colour changes
Describe the ELISA test
-add the test sample to base of the beaker
-wash to remove an unbound test sample
-add an antibody complementary in shape to the antigen
-wash to remove any unbound antibody
-add a second antibody that is complementary in shape to the first antibody and binds to it - the second antibody has an enzyme attached to it
-rinse unbound antibodies off
-the colourless substrate is added-substrate produces coloured products in the presence of an enzyme
-the presence of a colour indicates the presence of an antigen and the intensity of the colour indicated the quantity present
What are the ethical issues of t he monoclonal antibody
-uses animals eg mice to make the monoclonal antibodies
What are the ethical issues of vaccines
-can produce side effects
-expensive
-not everyone gets vaccinated putting others at risk
-vaccines may not be available worldwide
