History Of Medicine

Question 0

When was the ancient Egypt period?

Answer 0

3000 bc to 500 bc

Question 1

When was the pre - historic period?

Answer 1

Before 3000 bc

Question 2

When was the Ancient Greece period?

Answer 2

1000 bc to 250 bc

Question 3

When was the Ancient Rome period?

Answer 3

300bc to 600

Question 4

When was the Middle Ages period?

Answer 4

400 to 1500

Question 5

When was the medical Renaissance period?

Answer 5

1500 to 1750

Question 6

When was the industrial revolution period?

Answer 6

1750 to 1900

Question 7

When was the modern period

Answer 7

1900 to present

Question 8

What can we learn from Bones about the prehistoric period?

Answer 8

Many people suffered from osteoarthritis
They may have known the importance of keeping a broken leg or arm still.
They may have even used splints to bind up broken limbs
Evidence in their bones points to them catching rabies from animals like wolves and suffering badly from gangrene when bacteria got Ito their wounds

Question 10

How did they treat illnesses? (Pre-historic)

Answer 10

Natural remedies - herbs

Question 10

How did the mummification method help the Egyptians?

Answer 10

They had to remove body parts so therefore they knew were each body part was

Question 11

Was there any surgical treatment? If so what were they? (pre-historic)

Answer 11

Yes - trepanning - it was where they drilled a hole in the skull, and this was to release evil spirits (that’s what they thought caused headaches,etc.). From pictures of skeletons we can know if they survived the surgery as the bone around the whole will have healed and rounded off.

Question 12

How did mummification hinder Egyptians?

Answer 12

Because they preserved the organs, there was no way of finding out more about the body from them - also they did not cut the organs up

Question 13

What did the Egyptians know about the body?

Answer 13

They knew the body contains internal organs but they were unsure on what the brain did/how it worked

Question 14

Was is anatomy?

Answer 14

Knowing about inside of the body

Question 15

What is physiology?

Answer 15

How the body worked

Question 16

What did they have in the Prehistoric period?

Answer 16

No written evidence but have pictures and skeletons that give clues about health and medicine.

Question 17

In the Pre-historic who/what was a good source of evidence?

Answer 17

Australian Aborigines and Skeletons

Question 18

How did science show development? (Greeks)

Answer 18

Science - some greeks tried to make sense of the world, they rejected the idea that god controlled everything. They treid to find scietntific explanations and this helped medicine because they would learn to understand how the body works and discover actual medicine, and help cure ill people - they would also make sense of why people got ill.

Question 19

How did religion show development? (greeks)

Answer 19

Many greeks still believed in the gods, but educated greeks stopped taking the gods seriously. This would help medicine becasue they would finally understand that it wasn’t the evil spirits causing ilness. Therefore, they would actually treat people who were ill.

Question 20

How did the Government show development? (Greeks)

Answer 20

The greeks did not have one central government. Each city state could be different. Sometimes big powerful governments take control of what people think. If Greeks didn’t like the control of the state, they could move to another. This would help medicine because each government most likely believed in different things, and knew different things. By people moving around, medical knowledge was spread - this was due to communcation of ideas

Question 21

How did education show development? (Greeks)

Answer 21

All male citizens would be expected to read and write. Many enjoyed reading and getting new dideas from books. Physical education was also important. This helped medicine because people would have general knowledge, so may be able to figure out the body, people may also be able to read/write medical advice - which would help everyone in general.

Question 22

What was the place you were cured at called? (Greeks)

Answer 22

Asclepeion

Question 23

Who was the Greek god?

Answer 23

Asclepius

Question 24

What room were you cured in (Greeks)

Answer 24

Abaton

Question 25

What were Asclepius’ daughter called?

Answer 25

Hygeia and Pancea

Question 26

When was Hippocrates born?

Answer 26

460BC

Question 27

Who came up with the four humours and what did it mean?

Answer 27

Hippocrates - the body contained 4 humours, these were phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile.
When they were out of balance, a person was considered unhealthy, and when they were balanced a person was considered healthy

Question 28

Typical treatments? (Greeks)

Answer 28

Blood letting
laxatives
hot food
hot baths
vinegar/honey

Question 29

What happened to this theory?

Answer 29

It was continued in use until the 19th century.

Question 30

What did hippocrates believe?

Answer 30

That the humours would remain in balance if the person had a good diet, and exercise. He called this a regiment. Doctors would reccomend a better diet or exercise to keep humours balanced

Question 31

What did hippocrates reccomend to doctors?

Answer 31

that they kept records of patients, symptoms, pre-scriptions and reactions to the treatmnet. This was called clinical observation. These records could then be passed down and share with other doctors.

Question 32

How did Romans help public health/what did they notice/

Answer 32

noticed:
- bad smells, unclean drinking water and swamps, sewage made people ill

Built:
-aqueducts, public baths, toilets, sewers to remove waste

Question 33

Who was Galen? What was his theory?

Answer 33

Galen - a greek physician. Believe ilnesses was caused by the imbalnce of the four humours.
Developed the idea of the opposites - if you have a cold you need something hot (in spice) to balance it out
Believed blood was burnt up

Question 34

What practise did Galen do to show his findings?

Answer 34

blocked pipes so that the pig’s urine could not escape. The kidney’s then began to swell, proving that the kidney’s produce urine
Stopped nerves that controlled the pigs kidneys, the pig stopped making the noise, proving the nerves control different parts of our body

Question 35

What did the church do? (medieval)

Answer 35

Set up universities where doctors could be trained
Rediscovered galen’s ideas, approved his ideas because they supported the biblical ideas of creation, anyone who criticised galen was treated harshly
Encouraged people to go on pilgrimages to places, such as Canterbury, to cure their diseases
controlled education, only priests could read and write
Believed in supernatural side of treatment

Question 36

What were the 3 types of plague?

Answer 36

bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic

Question 37

What was the black death?

Answer 37

a disease which killed 1/3 of the population
spread by black rat flea bites
Arrived in britain 1348
symptoms - exhaustion, high temps, swellings and difficulty breathing

Question 38

What did people think caused the black death?

Answer 38

god - punishment - flaggellants whipped themsevles to punish themselves instead
Humours out of balance

Question 39

Who was Vesalius?

Answer 39

• studied anatomy, and medicine in Italy and Paris where he met artists who were dissecting the human body to make thie rpaintings realistic, vesalius was an anatomist. published a book of all parts of the human body. First book of this kind and as a result many believe Vesalius is the founder of modern medicine
• Discovered this through dissection, - he proved dissection was vital to understand the body
• performed public dissections
• inspired others

Question 40

What was vesalius book called & when was it published?

Answer 40

the fabric of the human body - 1543

Question 41

Who was William Harvey?

Answer 41

• studied medicine at cambridge and padua
• published a book with his findings
• Harvey showed that blood flows around the body, and is carried away from the heart by the arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
• He proved that the heart acts as a pump, recirculating the blood, and the blood does not burn up so no organ is needed to manufacture new blood
• proved this by dissecting live, cold-blooded animals whose hearts beated slowly (meant he could see the movements of each muscle in the heart)
• dissected human bodies to build up a detailed knowledge
• tried to pump liquids past the valves in the veins but he could not do so - pushed thin rods down the veins, this proved that the blood flowed in a one-way systemaround the body
• measured the amount of blood moved by each heartbeat and calculated how much blood was in the body

Question 42

What could harvey not prove?

Answer 42

Could not see capillaries but said they existed

later in 1600s when microscopes were developed, it was proved that they were there

Question 43

What factors affected the progress of medicine in the renaissance?

Answer 43

• The Printing Press – new ideas could spread more easily and rapidly now that books could be printed.
• The Weakening Power of the Church – people did not have religious beliefs about the causes of diseases, meaning that people started to look for natural causes. Doctors could now dissect.
• Artists Drawing from Life – medical drawings could be drawn and shared among doctors through medical books, new anatomy books were produced.
• Renewed Interest in Ancient Learning – people wanted to learn how to read, they began to challenge old medical ideas (e.g. Galen holes in the septum).

Question 44

Why did they stop following galen’s theories in the 19th century?

Answer 44

• New understanding of the body and Galen’s descriptions were incomplete and sometimes wrong.
• The invention of the proved that Harvey’s ideas were right.
• Theory of the four humours no longer accepted. People initially thought that miasma, caused disease.
• Doctors carried out dissections and used microscopes. Galen’s books were no longer important.

Question 45

Innoculation?

Answer 45

In the 18th century, smallpox was a big killer. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brought inoculation to Britain.

• She discovered that a health person could be immunised against smallpox using pus from the sores of a sufferer with a mild form of the disease.
• However, inoculation sometimes led to smallpox and death.

Question 46

Edward jenner?

Answer 46

• Jenner was a country doctor. He heard that milkmaids didn’t get smallpox, but instead a milder cowpox.
• Jenner investigated and discovered people who had already had cowpox didn’t get smallpox.
• In 1796 he took a small boy and injected him with pus from the sores of a milkmaid with cowpox. Jenner then injected James with smallpox. James didn’t catch the disease!

Question 47

What were some of the bad things about vaccinations?

Answer 47

• Jenner could not scientifically explain how it worked.

* Inoculators were afraid of losing money.