History of Life on Earth

Question 1

Earliest fossils?

Answer 1

Stromatilites

Question 2

The Origin of the cell

Answer 2

1. Nucleotides+Amino acids were produced
2. Nucleotides polymerized for RNA and amino Acids polymerized to proteins
3. Polymers became trapped in membranes
4. Polymers in membranes acquired cellular properties

Question 3

What did Miller-Uray experiment show?

Answer 3

STEP 1 OF ORIGIN OF LIFE: Formation of organic molecules(including AMINO ACIDS) with molecules being heated and cooled

Question 4

How was polymerization of RNA and Amino Acids proven?

Answer 4

molecules in clay were put together to make proteins

Question 5

How did polymers become enclosed in memberanes

Answer 5

1. A boundary formed
2. Polymers inside membrane had information
3. Polymers inside gained enzymatic function
4. Information + enzyme function meant the thing would self replicate

Question 6

How did polymers(inside membranes) acquire cellular properties?

Answer 6

Due to RNA’s 3 key features:
1. Can store info in nucleotide sequence
2. nucleotide sequence can be replicated
3. RNA can perform enzymatic function by being ribosomes and therefore catalysts for synthesis of macromolecules

Question 7

3 main facts abt Precambrian(archaen-Proterozoic)

Answer 7

1. Atmosphere had little oxygen-organisms were anaerobic
2. First known fossils from this time
3. Bacteria learned photosynthesis and introduced oxygen into atmosphere

Question 8

youngest to Oldest Domains

Answer 8

1. Eukarya
2. Archaea
3. Bacteria

Question 9

2 Major Events in Precambrian Age

Answer 9

1. Eukaryotes(nucleus) emerge- cell membrane instead of wall
2. Multicellular emerge-allowed bc of specialized cells

Question 10

What did earliest animals resemble?

Answer 10

Sponges

Question 11

Importance of EDICARAN FAUNA

Answer 11

unique animals in oceans

Question 12

Biggest to Smallest time intervals

Answer 12

1. Eras(paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenzoic)
2. Periods
3. Epochs

Question 13

Signature of Paleozoic Era

Answer 13

Animals, Plants, Fungi
BUT ENDS WITH ALMOST ALL DYING BY THE END

Question 14

What was Cambrian Explosion(in paleozoic era)

Answer 14

All modern phyla emerged and diverged rlly fast
ENDED IN EXTINCTION AGAIN

Question 15

Signature of Devononian Age(paleozoic)

Answer 15

Plants diversified

Question 16

Signatures of LATE Paleozoic Era

Answer 16

Beetles, bugs, dragon flies emerge(pangea emerged)
ended with BIGGEST EXTINCTION (likely from volcanoes)

Question 17

Mesozoic Era

Answer 17

Dinosaurs(triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous)

Question 18

Cenozoic Era

Answer 18

Mammals

Question 19

Two parts of the Cenozoic Era(mammals)

Answer 19

1. Tertiary(also palogene and Neogene)
   humans into existence
2. Quaternary(now)

Question 20

Hominid

Answer 20

Clade containing all modern and extinct Apes

Question 21

Hominin

Answer 21

Clade of humans and human like apes, with last split being chimapnzees

Question 22

When did the primate clade originate from

Answer 22

End of Cretacious(last one in mezosoic era)

Question 23

2 Classifications for Hominin fossils

Answer 23

1. Homo(running NO CLIMBING)
2. australopthecus(climbing and walking)

Question 24

How are humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans relared

Answer 24

Descend from common ancestor in Africa

Question 25

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 25

Rapid production of a single lineage into many descendant species

Question 26

2 mechanisms for adaptive Radiation

Answer 26

1. New Resources
2. New ways to exploit resources

Question 27

Ecological Opportunity

Answer 27

availability of new type of resource; drives adaptive radiation

Question 28

4 triggers for the Cambrain Explosion

Answer 28

1. Higher o2 levels
2. Preys evolved and diverged
3. New niches allowed for further divergence

Question 29

Main cause of largest mass extinction(permian extinction)

Answer 29

Basically global warming and ocean organisms couldn’t survive