History Mid Term Review Flashcards
Emperor Yongle:
One of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, promoted an encyclopedia of 11 000 volumes to summarize and compile on history, geography, philosophy, ethics, government and more. Relocated the capital to Beijing, built the forbidden city, and constructed the temple of heaven. Reestablish Confucian values after the Mongol rule. Launched the Maritime expedition in 1405.
Eunuch:
A castrated man that is appointed with a lot of power and authority from the emperor and is loyal to the emperor. They were disliked by the bureaucrats because of the large amounts of authority the Eunuchs had.
Zheng He:
A muslim Eunuch who wanted to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system.
tributary system:
Rulers from foreign lands accompanied the Chinese fleets on their way back and would perform a required ritual of submission of gifts and in return receive abundant gifts, titles and trading opportunities. These expeditions wanted to establish Chinese prestige in the Indian Ocean and exert Chinese control over foreign trade in the region but not conquer.
European Renaissance:
Started between 1350 and 1500 in Italy, Was a period where the wealthy male elite thought they were living in a wholly new Era instead of the confined religious Europe of the time. They came “returning to the sources’ of Greco-Roman tradition with art and literature. Didn’t want to imitate works with ideas of Christianity but with them as a cultural standard and surpass. Humanists not only reflected on religion, but also secular topics such as grammar, history, politics, poetry and ethics. This created realism in the art which meant it was naturalistic in portraying the human body. Religious topics were still prominent for the artists to paint, but they also did contemporary scenes from ancient mythology. Parallel the revival of all Confucian things in the Ming Dynasty.
Hernán Cortés:
Hernana Cortez was the conquistador who was able to overtake the Aztec empire because they resented the Mexica domination and joined him in battle and saw him as a liberator. This created a Spanish Mesoamerican empire.
Doña Marina:
She became the bridge between the old and new world. From the Aztec empire she was sold into slavery to protect her brother’s inheritance. When Hernan Cortez conquered Tabasco she was an interpreter for Cortez as she could speak both languages the Aztecs spoke and learned Spanish. This made her indispensable to Cortez. The Spanish relied on Indigenous allies.
Great Dying:
The Aztec, Inca and native American societies were not immune to smallpox, measles, typhus, malaria and yellow fever. This led to their population to plummet. 90 percent of Native Americans died, while a 10 to 20 million population in central Mexico declined to 1 million. The great dying led to the little ice age.
Columbian Exchange:
Europeans brought over certain animals and crops to Columbia but also brought back incredibly useful crops. Examples being potatoes, corn, cassava. These crops greatly aided population growth and there was tabaco. The enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease and the transfer of plants and animals had been dubbed the “columbian exchange”.
Hacienda:
land ownership (agriculture estate). The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers.
Encomienda:
The encomienda system was a form of forced and unpaid labour used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the labourers were given military protection and the opportunity to be converted to Christianity.
Mestizo:
Product of Spanish Men and Indian women and happened because of the desire of many surviving indigenous women for the relative security of life in a Spanish household, where they and their children would not be subject to the abuse and harsh demands made on native peoples.
Turkic:
The Turkic created the Ottoman Empire which was an Islamic state. They where afro-Eurasian people of Islam.
Ottoman seizure of Constantinople
(1453): Marked the final blow to the Christian Byzantium and made ottoman rulers successors of the Roman empire. Showed how the Ottoman empire was gaining power and the Europeans were afraid.
Akbar:
One of the rulers of the Mughal empire. He was very tolerant of hindu culture and other religions. He removed the Jizya tax and had a house of warship which there was intellectual discussion amongst several religions.
Aurangzeb:
He was much less tolerant than Akbar. He reinstated the Jizya tax and destroyed Hindu temples of anyone he saw as a threat.
Jizya:
A tax which all non Muslims had to pay.
House of Worship:
There was a house of warship in which there was intellectual discussion amongst several religions with representatives representing Judaism, Buddhism, Muslim, Hindu and more.
Devshirme:
(The collecting or gathering) A process in which Ottoman authorities transferred over a period of time illegally many thousands of young boys from Christiam families into the service of the state. They were removed from their families and required to learn Turkish, usually converted to Islam and trained for civil administration or the military.
Qing expansion into Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang:
Qing dynasty undertook an eighty year military effort that brought Tibet, Mongolia and Xijian under its control. Wanted to build another part of its northern frontier, under Qing’s Manchu dynasty. Because of trade, tribute and warfare, the Chinese were knowledgeable in these regions. This expansion was a defensive necessity against the Russian empire. After having overcome Mongolian rule and expanded, China was seen as a unified state. Did not seek to assimilate others and had respect for them.