History Mid Term Review Flashcards

1
Q

Emperor Yongle:

A

One of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, promoted an encyclopedia of 11 000 volumes to summarize and compile on history, geography, philosophy, ethics, government and more. Relocated the capital to Beijing, built the forbidden city, and constructed the temple of heaven. Reestablish Confucian values after the Mongol rule. Launched the Maritime expedition in 1405.

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2
Q

Eunuch:

A

A castrated man that is appointed with a lot of power and authority from the emperor and is loyal to the emperor. They were disliked by the bureaucrats because of the large amounts of authority the Eunuchs had.

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3
Q

Zheng He:

A

A muslim Eunuch who wanted to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system.

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4
Q

tributary system:

A

Rulers from foreign lands accompanied the Chinese fleets on their way back and would perform a required ritual of submission of gifts and in return receive abundant gifts, titles and trading opportunities. These expeditions wanted to establish Chinese prestige in the Indian Ocean and exert Chinese control over foreign trade in the region but not conquer.

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5
Q

European Renaissance:

A

Started between 1350 and 1500 in Italy, Was a period where the wealthy male elite thought they were living in a wholly new Era instead of the confined religious Europe of the time. They came “returning to the sources’ of Greco-Roman tradition with art and literature. Didn’t want to imitate works with ideas of Christianity but with them as a cultural standard and surpass. Humanists not only reflected on religion, but also secular topics such as grammar, history, politics, poetry and ethics. This created realism in the art which meant it was naturalistic in portraying the human body. Religious topics were still prominent for the artists to paint, but they also did contemporary scenes from ancient mythology. Parallel the revival of all Confucian things in the Ming Dynasty.

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6
Q

Hernán Cortés:

A

Hernana Cortez was the conquistador who was able to overtake the Aztec empire because they resented the Mexica domination and joined him in battle and saw him as a liberator. This created a Spanish Mesoamerican empire.

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7
Q

Doña Marina:

A

She became the bridge between the old and new world. From the Aztec empire she was sold into slavery to protect her brother’s inheritance. When Hernan Cortez conquered Tabasco she was an interpreter for Cortez as she could speak both languages the Aztecs spoke and learned Spanish. This made her indispensable to Cortez. The Spanish relied on Indigenous allies.

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8
Q

Great Dying:

A

The Aztec, Inca and native American societies were not immune to smallpox, measles, typhus, malaria and yellow fever. This led to their population to plummet. 90 percent of Native Americans died, while a 10 to 20 million population in central Mexico declined to 1 million. The great dying led to the little ice age.

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9
Q

Columbian Exchange:

A

Europeans brought over certain animals and crops to Columbia but also brought back incredibly useful crops. Examples being potatoes, corn, cassava. These crops greatly aided population growth and there was tabaco. The enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease and the transfer of plants and animals had been dubbed the “columbian exchange”.

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10
Q

Hacienda:

A

land ownership (agriculture estate). The private owners of large estates directly employed native workers.

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11
Q

Encomienda:

A

The encomienda system was a form of forced and unpaid labour used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the labourers were given military protection and the opportunity to be converted to Christianity.

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12
Q

Mestizo:

A

Product of Spanish Men and Indian women and happened because of the desire of many surviving indigenous women for the relative security of life in a Spanish household, where they and their children would not be subject to the abuse and harsh demands made on native peoples.

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13
Q

Turkic:

A

The Turkic created the Ottoman Empire which was an Islamic state. They where afro-Eurasian people of Islam.

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14
Q

Ottoman seizure of Constantinople

A

(1453): Marked the final blow to the Christian Byzantium and made ottoman rulers successors of the Roman empire. Showed how the Ottoman empire was gaining power and the Europeans were afraid.

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15
Q

Akbar:

A

One of the rulers of the Mughal empire. He was very tolerant of hindu culture and other religions. He removed the Jizya tax and had a house of warship which there was intellectual discussion amongst several religions.

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16
Q

Aurangzeb:

A

He was much less tolerant than Akbar. He reinstated the Jizya tax and destroyed Hindu temples of anyone he saw as a threat.

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17
Q

Jizya:

A

A tax which all non Muslims had to pay.

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18
Q

House of Worship:

A

There was a house of warship in which there was intellectual discussion amongst several religions with representatives representing Judaism, Buddhism, Muslim, Hindu and more.

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19
Q

Devshirme:

A

(The collecting or gathering) A process in which Ottoman authorities transferred over a period of time illegally many thousands of young boys from Christiam families into the service of the state. They were removed from their families and required to learn Turkish, usually converted to Islam and trained for civil administration or the military.

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20
Q

Qing expansion into Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang:

A

Qing dynasty undertook an eighty year military effort that brought Tibet, Mongolia and Xijian under its control. Wanted to build another part of its northern frontier, under Qing’s Manchu dynasty. Because of trade, tribute and warfare, the Chinese were knowledgeable in these regions. This expansion was a defensive necessity against the Russian empire. After having overcome Mongolian rule and expanded, China was seen as a unified state. Did not seek to assimilate others and had respect for them.

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21
Q

“silver drain”

A

China had a huge economy and demanded for more silver. They asked for it in their tax collection which caused for there to be a large demand for silver in China. This meant China’s porcelain and silk could be bought for not as much silver as it used to cost. This caused a “silver drain” where there was a greater demand for silver around the world with most of it ending up in China and other parts of Asia. The Chinese, Portuguese, European ships carried Japanese silver to china. Much of the the silver shipped across the atlantic to spain was spent in Europe generally and then used to pay for the Asian goods that the French, British, and Dutch desired.

22
Q

piece of eight:

A

“Piece of eight” was a Spanish silver coin that was widely used in international trade during the colonial period. The Standard Spanish silver coin was used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as a medium of exchange.

23
Q

Potosí:

A

Potosí was a mining town in present-day Bolivia where a large amount of silver was extracted during the colonial period. It was the world’s largest silver mine. Became largest city in the America’s and the miners worked in horrendous conditions.

24
Q

African diaspora

A

The African diaspora refers to the forced migration of millions of enslaved Africans to the Americas during the colonial era. In The America’s, This Transatlantic network added a substantial African presence to the mic f European and native peoples. The African Diaspora, (the global spread of African peoples) injected into these new societies issues of race that still endure to this day.

25
Q

maroon societies:

A

Maroon societies were communities of enslaved people who escaped from plantations and formed independent settlements.

26
Q

“Mulatto”:

A

Mulatto” is a term used to describe people of mixed African and European descent.

27
Q

Protestant Reformation:

A

The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church. At the time, many people in Europe felt that the Church had become corrupt and was not following the teachings of the Bible. These protestant churches rejected the authority of the Pope and emphasized the importance of individual interpretation of the Bible. The Protestant Reformation had a significant impact on European history and helped to shape the modern world.

28
Q

Martin Luther:

A

The movement began with Martin Luther, a German monk who wrote a document called the “Ninety-Five Theses” in which he criticized the Church and its practices. The Church would take people’s money in exchange for forgiveness from god. Martin Luther was against this idea. Martin Luther argued that individuals could seek salvation by “faith alone”. This document sparked a series of events that led to the formation of Protestant churches, which were based on the principles of the Reformation.

29
Q

Sufi:

A

Sufi is a term used to refer to Muslim mystics who follow a particular spiritual path.
Sufism is a spiritual movement within Islam that emphasizes the inner dimension of the religion, including the pursuit of spiritual growth and development. Sufis often seek to achieve a state of mystical union with God through various spiritual practices such as meditation, prayer, and self-discipline. Sufism is also known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and compassion, as well as its rich tradition of poetry and music and smoking weed. Tried to make contact with the divine through drinking,smoking hashish, singing and dancing.

30
Q

Wahhabi Islam:

A

Wahhabi Islam is a puritanical form of Sunni Islam that originated in the 18th century. Wahhabi Islam is a conservative and strict interpretation of Islam that originated in Saudi Arabia in the 18th century. It is based on the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who advocated for a return to what he believed were the original principles of Islam, as practiced by the Prophet Muhammad and his early followers. Wahhabi Islam emphasizes the importance of following the teachings of the Quran and the Hadith (the sayings and actions of Muhammad), and it places a strong emphasis on the importance of strict adherence to Islamic law and tradition. It is considered to be one of the most conservative and strict interpretations of Islam, and it is the official state religion of Saudi Arabia.

31
Q

Neo-Confucianism:

A

Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical movement that emerged in China during the Song dynasty. Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical movement that emerged in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE), which sought to combine the ideas of Confucianism with those of Buddhism and Taoism. It emphasized the importance of individual moral action, the concept of the inherent goodness of human beings, and the pursuit of knowledge and learning. Neo-Confucianism also placed a strong emphasis on the importance of social harmony and the need for individuals to cultivate their own moral character. Anyone was able to convert to the religion.

32
Q

Wang Yangming:

A

Wang Yangming was a Chinese philosopher and one of the leading Neo-Confucian thinkers. Wang Yangming was a Chinese philosopher who was active in the 16th century. He is best known for his philosophy of mind, which emphasizes the unity of knowledge and action. According to this philosophy, the goal of human life is to attain a state of knowledge and action that is in harmony with the natural order of the universe. This is achieved through self-cultivation, which involves the development of one’s moral character and the pursuit of wisdom. Wang Yangming’s philosophy has had a significant influence on later Chinese thought, and continues to be studied and discussed by philosophers today.

33
Q

Contributions of the Protestant Reformation to the Scientific Revolution:

A

The Protestant Reformation, which began in the 16th century, had a number of important impacts on the Scientific Revolution, which began in the 17th century. One of the key contributions of the Protestant Reformation was the emphasis it placed on individual interpretation of religious texts, which encouraged people to think for themselves and question traditional beliefs. The Protestant Reformation also led to the establishment of Protestant states and the creation of new, independent institutions, such as schools and universities, which provided a new environment in which scientific ideas could be studied and discussed freely. Additionally, the Protestant Reformation challenged the traditional Aristotelian view of the world, which was an important precursor to the scientific method and the development of modern science.

34
Q

Causes of the Scientific Revolution in Europe:

A

Legal system allowed for independent “corporations” e.g. churches, towns, guilds, and universities
Universities had independence to create intellectual freedom for rational, evidence-based inquiry about natural world (“science”)
Existing knowledge about astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and translations of Greek classics (e.g. Aristotle) from the Islamic world, AND
Exchange of information about new lands, plants, peoples animals (Remember Columbian Exchange!)

35
Q

Pre- and post-Scientific Revolution views of the universe

A

Previous Views
Earth is stationary and at center of the universe

Based on ideas of ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy

Aristotle’s method was deductive (arguing from premises) rather than inductive (arguing from observations)
Biblical “Evidence” for the Ancient View of the Universe: Say among the nations, “The Lord reigns! Yea, the world is established, it shall never be moved.”

Post Views
The universe revolves around the Sun, not Earth SO
Humankind is a “mere speck of dust” in a vast, only partially knowable universe AND
This universe follows natural laws, rather than supernatural forces or divine commands AND
These laws can be discovered using the power of human reason and scientific method alone (observation → hypothesis → experiment → revise hypothesis → repeat experiment etc etc )

36
Q

Deduction vs. induction:

A

Deduction and induction are two methods of reasoning that are used to arrive at a conclusion based on evidence or information. Deduction is a type of reasoning that starts with a general rule or principle and then applies it to a specific situation to arrive at a logical conclusion. Induction, on the other hand, involves looking at specific instances or observations and then inferring a general rule or principle based on that evidence.

37
Q

Skepticism:

A

Questioning the church in Protestant Reformation, people question the teachings of the church, which links to skepticism of religion. Skepticism played a crucial role in the scientific revolution. During this period, many scholars began to question traditional beliefs and ideas, and to instead seek out evidence and facts to support their claims. This skeptical approach allowed scientists to develop new theories and explanations for natural phenomena, and to create the foundations for modern science.

38
Q

Copernicus:

A

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who is best known for his heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, rather than the Earth. This model, known as the Copernican model, was a major departure from the geocentric model that was prevalent at the time, and it paved the way for the eventual acceptance of the heliocentric model and the scientific revolution. Copernicus is also known for his work on the motion of celestial bodies, which was a major advance in the field of astronomy.

39
Q

Galileo:

A

Galileo
Observations that challenged old geocentric(Having earth being the center) view (e.g. Jupiter’s moons)

40
Q

Newton

A

Newton
Physical laws that govern universe

41
Q

Enlightenment thinkers’ views on women

A

Some prominent thinkers believed that women were naturally inferior to men AND
They believed that women should only be educated for a subordinate role in society BUT
Others believed that inequality between men and women was not natural and instead the result of prejudice SO
Women should be educated to use reason in order to attain an equal position to men

42
Q

Romantic critique of Enlightenment

A

One critique of the Enlightenment from a romantic perspective might be that it placed too much emphasis on rational thought and not enough on emotion, intuition, and the spiritual aspects of human experience. This critique might argue that the Enlightenment’s emphasis on individualism led to a neglect of the collective and the communal, and that its focus on scientific and technological progress ignored the importance of art, nature, and the spiritual world. The Romantic movement in art and literature appealed to emotion, intuition, passion and imagination, instead of cold reason and scientific learning.

43
Q

Deism:

A

Deism is a religious belief that posits the existence of a single, all-powerful God who created the universe but is not actively involved in human affairs. Deists believe that God created the universe with natural laws in place and that these laws govern the workings of the universe without the need for divine intervention. Deists reject the notion of revelation and instead rely on reason and personal experience to understand the nature of God and the universe.

44
Q

Mercantilism:

A

Mercantilism is an economic theory that was popular in the 16th to 18th centuries, which holds that a nation’s wealth is measured by its stock of gold and silver, and that a trade surplus (meaning selling more than your buying) is necessary for a nation to be prosperous. According to this theory, governments should promote exports and discourage imports in order to accumulate precious metals, and should also establish colonies and acquire territories to gain access to natural resources.

45
Q

Three Estates of pre-revolutionary France:

A

In a desperate effort to raise taxes against the opposition of the privileged classes, Louis the 16th had called into session an representative body, the Estates General. It consisted of male representatives of the three “estates” or legal orders of pre revolutionary France, the clergy, the nobility, and commoners. The first 2 consisted of two percent of the population and third everyone else. Representatives of the third estate organized themselves as the national assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country. A Few weeks later accomplished this in the declaration of the rights of man and citizen “that men are born and remain free and equal in rights” these were the groundwork for the constitution when it was made and was the starting point of the french revolution.

46
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte:

A

Rose through ranks of French army (example of meritocracy). Seized power and made himself emperor of France. Raised massive armies to conquer new territories for France. Blocked “radical” social change: traditional women’s roles, slavery. Preserved “moderate” aspects of Revolution: civil equality, universal legal code, religious toleration

47
Q

Grands blancs:

A

Rich white landowners, had greater autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions on trade but resented demands of petits blancs.

Petit blancs: (poor whites) Sought equality of citizenship for all whites. Both white groups were opposed to the insistence of the free people of color that the “rights of man” meant equal treatment for.

48
Q

Gens de couleur:

A

(Free people of color)

49
Q

Petit blancs:

A

(poor whites) Sought equality of citizenship for all whites. Both white groups were opposed to the insistence of the free people of color that the “rights of man” meant equal treatment for.

50
Q

Toussaint Louverture

A

Born into slavery in Saint-Domingue, but learned to read and write French. Like Napoleon, made a name for himself talented soldier and general Fought with Spanish forces in the initial years of the slave uprising Became leader of the Haitian Revolution and imposed a military dictatorship. Abolished slavery but imposed mandatory labor requirements for former slaves. He was the first independent leader of haiti.

51
Q

Main Ideas of enlightenment

A

The belief in the power of human reason to understand and improve the world.
The emphasis on individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech and religion.
The idea that knowledge and education should be accessible to all people.
The belief that society should be based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law.
The rejection of traditional authority and the questioning of established beliefs and institutions.
The emphasis on the importance of science and scientific inquiry.
The belief in the possibility of progress and the ability of human beings to improve their condition through reason and education.