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Anatomy Week 5 > Histology: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Histology: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

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2
Q

What do the supporting cells in the nervous system do?

A

Provide physical Support and protection
insulate electrical activity of axons and synapses
assist in metabolic exchange between the vascular system and NS

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron and their general functions?

A 
Cell body (soma - supply station)
Dentrites ( Reception or intake loci)
Axon (the messenger)
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4
Q

What part of the neuron produces proteins and provides metabolic function?

A

Soma

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5
Q

What part of the neuron conducts information (electrical signals) from the soma to other neurons?

A

Axon

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6
Q

What part of the neuron recieves connections (that provide electrical stimulation) from other neurons?

A

The dendrites

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7
Q

Dedrites and axons are also known as….

A

processes of the cell body

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8
Q

What is contained within the soma?

A
  • nucleus with nucleolus
  • a cytoplasm
  • all cell organelles (rER, Golgi, lysomsome, mitochondria)
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9
Q

What organelles may be apparent when using a light microscope to look at the soma?

A

rER (which produces a lot of proteins)

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10
Q

Nissl bodies

A

clumps of rER clumped together in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are the branches of dendrites called?

A

dendritic trees

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12
Q

What are spines and where are they located?

A

loci for connections (synapses) with the end (terminals) of axons from other neurons

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13
Q

What effect does down syndrome have on the dendrites?

A

Few dendritic spines

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14
Q

T or F: organelles exist in the axon hillock?

A

False

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15
Q

What are some physical characteristics of the axon?

A
  • originates from axon hillock

- most covered by a lipid rich myelin sheath

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16
Q

What is the job of the axon?

A

Conducts electrical info from soma to other neurons

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17
Q

Where are action potentials in the axon generated?

A

in the initial part

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18
Q

Characteristics of Pseudounipolar neurons

A
  1. Lack processes (dentrites of axon) on the cell soma
  2. Typically the nucleus is located in the center of soma
  3. Small nuclei of satellite cells surrounds the nucleus
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19
Q

What are neurons classified by?

A

the number of processes (axons and dendrites) sticking out

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20
Q

What’s another name for neurons and axons?

A

neuropil

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21
Q

What is gray matter predominantly populated by?

A

cell bodies and neuropil

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22
Q

What is white matter predominantly populated by?

A

mylinated axons

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23
Q

What are synapses?

A

specialized junctions for transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to anther neuron or to an effector

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24
Q

What are the two types of synapse and which is most common in the mammalian brain?

A

Chemical synapses and Electrical

- Chemical = most important in the mammalian brain

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25
Q

What are the parts of a chemical synapse?

A

Presynaptic Bouton
Synaptic Cleft
Postsynaptic membrane

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26
Q

What is contained in the presynaptic bouton?

A

presynaptic density and synaptic vesicles with neurotrasmitters

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27
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

a 20-30 mm space between pre and postsynaptic membranes

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28
Q

What is the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Posynaptic density and receptor sites with which the neurotransmitter interacts

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A

axosomatic
axodendritic
axoaxonic

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30
Q

Where does an axon terminal end in an axosomatic synapse?

A

on the soma

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31
Q

Where does an axon terminal end in an axodentritic synapse?

A

on a spine of the dendrite

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32
Q

Where does an axon terminal end in an axoaxonic synapse?

A

on another axon

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33
Q

What is the most common type of synapse in the brain?

A

Axodendritic - most synapses in the brain located on spines

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34
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters?

A

excitatory
Inhibitory
Modulatory

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35
Q

What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do?

A

facilitates the postsynaptic neuron to fire a nerve impluse

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36
Q

What are examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

glutamate and acetylcholine

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37
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Prevent the postsynaptic neuron from firing a nerve impulse

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38
Q

What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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39
Q

What are modulatory neurotransmitters?

A

influences how excitatory and inhibitory signals are integrated

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40
Q

What are examples of modulatory neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine and seratonin

41
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

proteins synthesized in the soma are packed into cargo vescicles and transported along microtubules toward their destination in axons and dendrites

42
Q

What is transported in anterograde transport?

A 
sER
synaptic vesicles
 sugars
 amino acids
neurotransmitters
43
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

occurs when materials in the axon and dendrites are packed into cargo vesicles and transported along microtubules and intermediate filaments toward the soma

44
Q

What materials are transported in retrograde transport that aren’t transported in anterograde transport?

A

proteins and molecules endocytosed at the axon terminal

45
Q

What happens to micotubules in alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • NORMALLY - microtubule polymers (made of tubulin dimers) in neuron is held together by protein tau.
  • In AD tau is disassociated causing the formation of tangles
46
Q

What are the types of supporting cells found in the nervous system?

A 
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Satellite cells
47
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Provide myelination in the PNS

48
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelination in the CNS

49
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes and what do they do?

A
  • Fibrous and protoplasmic

- Provides general support and formation of blood-brain barrier

50
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Act as Phagocytes

51
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

52
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Support and protect ganglion cells

53
Q

How is compaction of the myelin sheath achieved?

A

By a transmembrane myelin-specific protein

54
Q

What might a gene mutation in transmembrane myelin specific protein do?

A

cause demyelinating diseases

55
Q

What is the junction between adjacent schwann cells?

A

node of ranvier - the only place the axon is exposed to the extracellular environment

56
Q

Where is the schwann cell cytoplasm extruded to during tight wrapping?

A
  • inner collar
  • outer collar
  • Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts
  • Perinodal
57
Q

What is the myelin sheath supported by?

A

the cytosol from the 4 cytoplasmic regions

58
Q

T or F: Thicker axons tend to have thinner myelination?

A

False, myelination thickness is related to diameter

59
Q

What envelopes unmyelinated axons?

A

Schwann cell cytoplasm

60
Q

What cells play a role in cleaning up PNS debris after nerve injury and guide regrowth of PNS axons?

A

Schwann cellls

61
Q

How does an action potential propagate along a myelinated axon?

A

Passive electronic spread under areas of myelination

This trigger AP at next node of ranvier

62
Q

What is wallerian degeneration?

A

When the area distal to a crushed or cut nerve degenerates causing muscle atrophy

63
Q

What happens in regeneration of nerves after they are cut?

A
  1. Proximal n. terminals send sprouts toward schwann cell tubes of degenerated spot
  2. sprouts make it to the tube and reinnervate muscles that’s undergone neurogenic rearragment
64
Q

T or F: a single oligodendricyte can myelinate one or several axons.

A

T

65
Q

T or F: many axons in the CNS are not myelinated?

A

T

66
Q

Where can each type of astrocyte be found?

A

protoplasmic - gray matter
fibrous - white matter
Astrocytes = servants of CNS

67
Q

How are astrocytes arranged in the CNS and how does this relate to their function?

A
  • They contain radiating processes that contact axons and capillaries with perineural and perivascular feet
  • This structure allows them to move metabolites to and from neurons in metabolic exchange (BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER)
68
Q

T or F: astrocytes are responsible in 80% of brain tumors?

A

T

69
Q

If your brain is injured or disease, what type of cell would you expect to see localize to the area?

A

microglia

70
Q

What is the role of microglia in early development?

A
  • they prune neural cell networks to help mold the brain’s structure
  • They remember infection challenges and go off if challenge occurs (could cause brain disorders later in life)
71
Q

What part of the astrocyte is in contact with the blood vessel?

A

The perivascular feet

72
Q

What part of the astrocyte is in contact with the neuron?

A

perineural feet

73
Q

What type of astrocytes cause 80% of adult brain tumors?

A

Fibrous astrocytes

74
Q

What kind of cell removes cellular debris after apoptosis?

A

microglia

75
Q

What cells can be found surrounding a single unipolar neuron and what is their purpose?

A
  • Satellite cells do this and control the extracelluar environment in the neuron
  • Provide electrical insulation
76
Q

What type of cells are satellite cells?

A

small cuboidal

77
Q

what do ependymal cells look like?

A
  • Cuboidal to columnar

- apical surface covered with cillia and microvilli

78
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

produce CSF by transport and secretion of material from adjacent capillary loops

79
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

The combination of ependymal cells and capillary loops that are separated by pia mater

80
Q

What are the larges neurons in the CNS?

A

motor neurons

81
Q

What type of neurons innervate skeletal muscle and where are their cell bodies located, where do they finally synapse?

A
  • somatic efferent neurons
  • soma are found in ventral horn
  • skeletal muscle
82
Q

What type of neurons innervate blood vessels and glands?

A

Visceral efferent neurons

83
Q

Where are the cell bodies for preganglionic GVE fibers located, what is their general path?

A
  • lateral horn
  • synapse in with postganglionic fiber in autonomic ganglion
  • innervate visceral organs
84
Q

T or F: Each muscle fiber can innervate multiple neurons?

A

True

85
Q

T or F: each muscle fiber is innervated by only one neuron?

A

True

86
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The connection between axon terminal and muscle fiber

87
Q

What are some key features of Dorsal root ganglia?

A
  • Somas of dorsal root nerves are clustered
  • They are also surrounded by satellite cells
  • Axon bundles bypass the somas
88
Q

What are some key features of autonomic ganglia?

A
  • Multipolar nuerons
  • not as tightly clustered as DRG
  • Nuclei eccentrically located in cell soma
  • fewer satellite cells surrounding cell bodies
  • Axons run between cells
89
Q

What cell becomes very active after neuron cell death in CNS?

A

microglia

90
Q

Where are the venous sinuses formed and how?

A

Form between periosteal (superficial) and menigeal (deep) layers of the dura

91
Q

T or F: only the dura mater is affected in menigitis?

A

False- all three layers are affected

92
Q

What PNS layer is continuous with the dura mater and what type of tissue is this?

A

epineurium - dense CT

93
Q

What PNS layer is continuous with the arachnoid and what type of tissue is this?

A

perineurium - squamous cells

94
Q

What PNS layer is continuous with the pia mater and what type of tissue is this?

A

endoneurium - mostly schwann cells

95
Q

T or F: capillaries are the only part of the CV system that actually exchange oxygen with the organ?

A

True

96
Q

What forms the blood brain barrier (BBB), and how to astrocytes exhibit control over the BBB?

A
  • complex tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillary form BBB
  • Astrocytes release factors that increase the barrier properties and proteins for tights junctions
97
Q

What substances can freely cross the BBB?

A
  • O2 and CO2 (direct penetration)

- glucose, aa, and vitamins transport across barrier by carrier proteins

98
Q

How does HIV get through the BBB?

A

through a special type of white blood cell

Anatomy Week 5 (9 decks)

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