hist Flashcards
When is the official birthdate of AI?
The official birthdate of AI is 1956, marked by the Dartmouth Conference, where John McCarthy invited top scientists to discuss automata theory, neural networks, and intelligence. This event is recognized as the starting point of the AI field.
Who are considered the founding fathers of AI?
The founding fathers of AI include: John McCarthy, who coined the term ‘Artificial Intelligence,’ Marvin Minsky, known for his work on AI at MIT, and Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, creators of the Logic Theorist, the first AI program.
What were early historical attempts at creating intelligent entities?
Early historical attempts included Talos, the Golem, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, all fictional but influential concepts of artificial beings with intelligence.
What is the significance of the ‘Chess-Playing Turk’?
The ‘Chess-Playing Turk’ was a mechanical device created in the 18th century that appeared to play chess, but it was later revealed as a hoax. It sparked early interest in intelligent machines.
What scientific disciplines contribute to AI?
AI builds upon multiple disciplines, including logic, mathematics, psychology, and neuroscience, each contributing foundational ideas and methodologies.
What were some early successes in AI?
Early successes include the Logic Theorist (1956), which proved mathematical theorems, and Arthur Samuel’s Checkers Program (1952), which introduced reinforcement learning and alpha-beta pruning.
Why did the initial expectations of AI not work out?
Early AI systems faced challenges such as knowledge representation and combinatorial explosion, limiting their ability to handle complex real-world tasks.
What is a knowledge-based system, and what are examples?
Knowledge-based systems use domain-specific knowledge to solve problems. Examples include DENDRAL (for molecular structure) and MYCIN (for diagnosing infections).
What caused the AI winter, and how did AI recover?
The AI winter was due to high expectations, limited technology, and critical reports. Recovery came through advances in knowledge-based systems and neural networks.
What caused the rise of Deep Learning?
Deep Learning rose with access to large datasets, computational power, and improved neural network architectures like CNNs and RNNs.
What are some major breakthroughs of the Deep Learning Age?
Breakthroughs include AlphaGo’s victory in Go, AlphaZero mastering chess, and GPT-3’s realistic text generation.
What is the difference between symbolic and subsymbolic AI?
Symbolic AI models knowledge in understandable structures, while subsymbolic AI allows knowledge to emerge from neural networks.
What distinguishes modern AI from early approaches?
Modern AI focuses on deep computation and task-specific solutions rather than modeling human cognition as early approaches did.
