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anatomy > HIPA: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

HIPA: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue Structure

A

Few Cells, lots of ECM

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2
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A

a. The most important function of the connective tissue is to provide structural support
for the body.
b. Connective tissues are used for storage of metabolites.
c. Connective tissues play an important role in defense and protection of the body by
mediating immune, inflammatory, and allergic responses.
d. Connective tissues are used to “repair” other tissues and organs through the formation of
the fibrous scar.

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3
Q

Fiber Types

A

Three main types of fibers are present in connective tissue, collagen fibers,
reticular fibers, and elastic fibers. These fibers are formed by several types of fibrillar
proteins. Collagen and reticular fibers are composed of different types of collagen, while
the elastic fibers are composed of elastin and fibrillin.

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4
Q

Collagen

A

Collagen is an extracellular fibrillar protein and is the most abundant protein in the
human body. Collagen fibers are the principal structural components of most
connective tissues. They are flexible and have a high tensile strength. Collagen is
produced principally by fibroblasts. There are more than 28 different types of
collagens present in our body.

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5
Q

collagen structure

A

a. Collagen molecule measures ~300 nm and consists of three polypeptide
chains that form a triple helix. The synthesis and formation of collagen will
be covered in Biochemistry course.

b. Collagen molecules are polymerized laterally and head-to-tail to form
collagen fibrils. Fibrils cannot be visualized in the light microscope, but
have a distinctive banding when viewed with an electron microscope. The
banding is due to the presence of small gaps between collagen molecules,
which absorb stain.

c. Collagen fibrils in several types of collagens are assembled into collagen or
reticular fibers, which can be visualized in a light microscope.
d. Collagen fibers can be assembled into larger structures called the collagen
bundles, formed only by type I collagen.

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6
Q

Collagen Hierarchy

A

Bundle, Fibers, Fibrils, Molecules

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7
Q

T1 Collagen

A

Type I collagen is the principal type of collagen. It is found in the dermis of
the skin, tendons, ligaments, fascia, bone, and most connective tissues
proper. Type I collagen forms fibrils that are assembled into fibers, which
can be assembled into larger bundles.

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8
Q

Type II

A

Type II collagen is found in cartilage. This type of collagen forms fibrils,
but not fibers. Fibrils cannot be visualized in a light microscope and this
gives the cartilage its glassy appearance.

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9
Q

T3 Collagen

A

forms banded fibrils that assemble into reticular fibers,
which form a supporting framework for the cells of various tissues and
organs, such as the loose connective tissue, walls of blood vessels, lymphoid
tissues, bone marrow, smooth muscle, nerves, lung, etc. Reticular fibers are
named so because of their arrangement into a meshwork, or a network
(=reticulum).

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10
Q

T4 Collagen

A

Type IV collagen does not form banded fibrils, but forms sheet-like
meshwork of beaded filaments found in the basal lamina.

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11
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)

A

It is a congenital disorder, which is caused
by the impaired extracellular modification of collagen, which results in the
formation of defective collagen fibers. There many different types of EDS,
which have different symptoms. Typically, patients present with skin hyper
elasticity, loose, unstable joints that are prompt to dislocation, low muscletone/muscle weakness, and various bone abnormalities including deformities of the spine, osteopenia (low bone density), and others.

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12
Q

Elastic Fibers function

A

respond to stretch and distention

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13
Q

elastic fiber arrangement

A

thinner fibers in a branching pattern to form a network

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14
Q

elastic fiber stain

A

eosin may/may not work, orcein for selective staining,

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15
Q

Elastin

A

hydrophobic domain, cross-linked covalent bonds, fibers or lamellar layers (bl. vessels)

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16
Q

Elastin Function

A

elasticity (coming back) of conn. tissue, elastin molecules coil back into original shape

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17
Q

Fibrillin

A

glycoprotein, thin microfibrils that surround elastic fibers and provide substrate for assembly.

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18
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome

A

CV, skeletal, and ocular defects- mitral valve prolapse, rupture of arteries, arachnodactyly

Mutation in Fibrillin Gene

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19
Q

Ground Substances Function

A

Fill in ECM

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20
Q

Ground Substances Components

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans,
and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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21
Q

GAGs structure

A

most abundant, long-chain, unbranched, highly neg charged polysaccharides

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22
Q

GAGs and water

A

hydrophilic so form a gel

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23
Q

GAGs function

A

resist compression/deformation, diffusion of water sol. particles

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24
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

GAG, always present in ECM, long molecule w/ no sulfate, does not form proteoglycans

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25
Q

Common Types of GAGs (CNCT)

A

Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparan
sulfate are some of the more common types of GAGs found in the
connective tissue. These GAGs attach to proteins to form proteoglycans.

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26
Q

Proteoglycan Structure and Hyaluronic Acid Aggregates

A

GAGs covalently attached to core protein, form brush structure, attach non-covalently to hyaluronic acid to form giant aggregates (hyaluronic acid aggregates)

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27
Q

Hyaluronic Acid Aggregates

A

Account for Connective Tissue ability to resist compression without losing flexibility (Q)

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28
Q

Multi-adhesive Glycoproteins Function

A

cross links between collagen, ECM, and Cells (think hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions)

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29
Q

Fibronectin pt. 1

A

most abundant glycoprotein in cnet tissue

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30
Q

Fibronectin pt. 2

A

can assemble into thin fibers, dimer that has binding domains for ECM (1,2,3 collagen), GAGs, integrin, fibrin, etc.
Integrin is a big one

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31
Q

Laminin

A

Basal Lamina, binding to 4 collagen, integrin, etc.

Three disulfide linked polypeptides

Cell adhesion sites

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32
Q

Resident Cells Characteristics

A

(fixed cells), mitose in the cnet tissue and spend most of life there

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33
Q

Fibroblast

A

principal resident cell

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34
Q

Fibroblast Function

A

produce components of ECM (see notes)

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35
Q

Fibroblast location

A

typically near collagen

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36
Q

Active Fibroblasts Where?

A

actively growing cnct tissue, wound repair; loose connective tissue

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37
Q

Active Fibroblasts Characteristics

A

abundant cytoplasm with many thin processes, abundant RER and Golgi, see notes for cellular ch.

38
Q

Inactive Fibroblasts (Fibrocytes)

A

Dense ct (not growing), see notes for ch. (self-ex.)

39
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

both fibroblast and smooth muscle ch.

Fib.- RER and Golgi
Sm.- actin filament bundles and dense bodies

Can contract but not smooth muscle (have differing ch.)

Seen at wound sites, imp. for wound closure. Pull ends together.

40
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

A

Present in embryonic tissue, multipotent ct cells. See notes for ch.

41
Q

Adipocytes

A

store fat and produce hormones

42
Q

unilocular adipocytes Where?

A

either w/in loose ct, or forming aggregates (white adipose tissue)

43
Q

Unilocular Adips.

A

large spherical cells, single droplet, flattened nuclei

44
Q

Multilocular adipocytes

A

BAT (around root of aorta in newborns), These cells are characterized by multiple fat droplets and presence
of large number of mitochondria, which give the tissue its brown color. The
nucleus is usually centrally placed and not flattened. Metabolism of lipid in
multilocular adipocytes generates heat

45
Q

Macrophages

A

derived from monocytes (in bone marrow), can divide, hard to ID, Features that can help you identify them
include the presence of ingested material in the cytoplasm and indented (kidney-
shaped) nucleus. Both of these features can be difficult to see due to the variable
orientation of the cell on the slide.

46
Q

Macrophage Function

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and senescent cells, tissue cleanup

47
Q

Macrophage Immune

A

MHC II on surface , antigen presenting cells, produce cytokines to activate other immune cells

48
Q

mononuclear phagocytic lineage

A

shared lineage of all macrophages in body (from bone marrow

49
Q

Cells of M.P.L.

A

Histiocytes- CT
Osteoclasts- Bone
Dendritic Cells- Lymph and Spleen (Langerhans in the skin)
Microglial- CNS
Kupffer- Liver

50
Q

DCs

A

Dendritic cells are important for processing and
presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes; the distinctive function of
DCs is to initiate responses in quiescent lymphocytes generating primary
T-lymphocyte–dependent immune response

51
Q

Mast Cells

A

Mast cells originate in the bone marrow, and then migrate into the connective
tissue, where they proliferate and differentiate. They are most common in the
connective tissue of the skin and mucous membranes and are absent from CNS

52
Q

Mast Cells Shape

A

Oval shaped with central nucleus

53
Q

Defining Ft. Mast Cells

A

Basophilic Granules in cyto.

54
Q

Basophilic Granules components

A

heparin sulfate (acidic), chondroitin sulfate, chemotactic mediators, histamine

55
Q

Mast Cells Ig

A

Receptors for IgE

56
Q

Mast Cells are similar to…

A

basophils (diff. nuclear morph.)

57
Q

Mast Cells Fnct.

A

Mast cells function in mediating the inflammatory and
hypersensitivity reactions, allergy, and anaphylaxis.

58
Q

Mast Cells Antigen Exposure

A

Activation of a mast cell occurs during the first exposure to the antigen,
when plasma cells produce large amounts of IgE, which becomes bound
to the surface of mast cells.
ii. During the subsequent exposure, the antigen binds to surface-bound IgE
on mast cells causing its cross-linking on the extracellular side.
iii. The cross-linking of IgE results in clustering of receptors on the
cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of a mast cell causing its
degranulation.

59
Q

Mast Cells (Post-Granulation Effects)

A

Histamine causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability.
This promotes emigration of white blood cells into connective tissue.
2. Histamine and several other agents cause bronchoconstriction and
increased mucus production in the bronchial mucosa.
3. Chemotactic mediators attract white blood cells, eosinophils and
neutrophils.

60
Q

Mast Cell Ch.

A

These reactions, usually mild and local (e.g. in the area of an insect bite),
sometimes in hyperallergic persons can turn into a severe
hypersensitivity reaction and an anaphylactic shock.

61
Q

Transient Cells

A

don’t divide in ct, immune cells

62
Q

Types of Transient Cells

A

WBCs and Plasma Cells

63
Q

Plasma Cells

A

AB producing cells from B Lymphs. Prominent RER and Golgi., clock-face pattern (dark and light alternating)

64
Q

Leukocytes (WBC)

A

area of inflammation

65
Q

3 types of C.T.

A
  1. embryonic
  2. Proper
  3. Specialized
66
Q

Embryonic CT

A

embryo and umbilical cord, then differentiates

67
Q

Mesenchyme

A

found in embryo, abundant ground substance, few call/reticular fibers

68
Q

Mucous Connect. Tissue

A

Found only in U. cord,
lots of Hyaluronic Acid. Few C/R Fibers

Wharton’s Jelly

69
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A

Loose (areolar) and Dense

70
Q

Loose (Areolar)

A

thin and relatively sparse collagen type I fibers, usually no bundles

The ground substance is abundant and
has a viscous, gel-like consistency.

Mostly Fibroblasts

Transient Cells- large pop

Beneath internal surfaces as “filter-tissue”

surrounds blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

71
Q

Dense CT

A

lots of C1 and bundles, fewer cells, little ground substance

Irregular and Regular

72
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

dense irregular connective tissue are oriented in various
directions and are interwoven into a meshwork that resists stress from all
directions. The main type of cell present is the fibroblast, the transient cells
are scarce or absent. Most of the fibroblasts in this tissue are inactive.

STRENGTH

73
Q

Dense Irregular Where?

A

Dermis and Internal Organs (Spleen/ Testis)

74
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Dense regular connective tissue is composed of densely packed collagen
bundles that are oriented in the same direction to resist tensile forces. There
is very little space left for ground substance and cells. Thin, sheet-like
inactive fibroblasts are located in-between the collagen bundles. They have
compressed, heterochromatic nuclei. Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
are formed of dense regular connective tissue.

75
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

receives rich blood supply, Innervated by autonomic NS, Receptors for Hormones

76
Q

White Adipose Tissue

A

White adipose tissue is the predominant type of adipose tissue. It is
composed of unilocular adipocytes, which contain a single lipid droplet.
This tissue accumulates energy. It contains receptors for growth hormone,
insulin, and noradrenalin. White adipose tissue is a poor heat conductor and
this tissue contributes to the thermal insulation of the body. Visceral adipose
tissue fills in spaces between internal organs and helps to keep some organs
in place. It also plays an important shock-absorption function.

77
Q

BAT

A

Brown adipose tissue is not present in adult humans, but is found in
newborns. This type of adipose tissue is composed of multilocular
adipocytes. These cells contain large number of mitochondria and oxidize
fatty acids at up to 20 times the rate in white adipose tissue increasing body
heat production threefold.

78
Q

Radicular CT

A

Reticular connective tissue is a loose connective tissue found in the stroma of the organs
of the lymphoid system, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. This type of
connective tissue is supported by a network of reticular fibers that form thin, branching,
interconnected threads.

79
Q

Blood

A

elements- RBC, WBC, platelets; plasma

80
Q

plasma

A

Plasma represents a solution of nutrients and gases. It consists of more than 90 % of
water and various solutes, such as albumin, globulins, and clotting factors.

81
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBC) are anucleate biconcave disks that are
8 by 2.5 m in size. The biconcave shape of RBCs allows more surface area
for gas exchange and decreases the distance that oxygen must diffuse through
the cell. Mature RBCs do not contain organelles and are simply sacks with
hemoglobin, which can bind oxygen. Most carbon dioxide is converted to
bicarbonate by the enzyme anhydrase inside RBCs and transported this way

82
Q

Leukocytes

A

much rarer in the blood, than
erythrocytes, so there are 600 RBCs per one WBC. Leukocytes are nucleated
cells of the blood. The normal leukocyte count is between 5,000 and 9,000 per
mm3. The condition with more than 12,000 per mm3 is called leukocytosis, and
the condition when the leukocyte count is less than 5,000 is called leukopenia.
The increase or decrease of WBCs levels in the blood can be due to
inflammations, infections, or intoxications. White blood cells use blood as a
transport system to get to the target area. They perform ameboid movement
(using pseudopodia) to move through the tissue towards the chemotactic agents
that attract them.

83
Q

Types of WBC

A

neutrophils, eosinophils. basophils, lymphocytes, Monocytes

84
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophil is the most common white blood cell in the peripheral
blood (55 – 70 % of all leukocytes). Neutrophils are fairly large cells
(10-12 m) with multilobed nuclei and so are often called
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The cytoplasm of
neutrophils contains granules with bactericidal proteins. Neutrophils
perform selective phagocytosis of bacteria. Neutrophils produce IL1,
which induces increase in body temperature and causes fever. The
dead neutrophils and cell debris form the pus.

85
Q

Eosinophils

A

Eosinophils are overall rare in the normal peripheral blood (2-4 % of
all WBCs). They are slightly larger than neutrophils (11-14 m) and
have a bilobed nucleus and numerous eosinophilic granules in the
cytoplasm. The granules contain cytotoxins that are designed to
destroy protozoan and helminthic parasites. Eosinophils are most
common in the peripheral blood during parasitic infestations and
allergic reactions as they destroy parasites and modulate allergic
response by breaking down histamine and inhibiting mast cell
degranulation

86
Q

Basophils

A

Basophils are the rarest WBCs and constitute only 0.5-1.5 % of all
leukocytes. They are the smallest of granulocytes (8-10 m) and have
a lobed nucleus. Their cytoplasm is filled with numerous basophilic
granules that contain histamine and heparin. The major function of
basophils is to produce histamine. Basophils are very similar to mast
cells. When exposed to the antigen, they degranulate.

87
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes are second most common white blood cells (20-30 %).
Lymphocytes have a large spherical or slightly indented
heterochromatic nucleus surrounded by a tiny rim of cytoplasm, which
does not contain specific granules. Lymphocytes circulate through
blood and internal organs, mature, and divide. There are three main
populations of lymphocytes: T-cells that are the most common type in
the peripheral blood (80 % of all blood lymphocytes), B-cells that
constitute ~ 15 % of all peripheral blood lymphocytes, and very scarce
(<5 %) natural killer cells

88
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

B-lymphocytes arise and mature in the bone marrow. B-
lymphocytes are characterized by the presence of surface
immunoglobulin bound to their plasma membrane. B-
lymphocytes reside in lymphoid and connective tissues, such as
spleen and lymph nodes, where they are programmed for
viruses, bacteria, or other foreign proteins. Upon reaching the
target destination they proliferate into plasma cells, which start
actively producing antibodies.

89
Q

NK Cells

A

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are large lymphocytes that are
programmed during their development to kill certain virus-
infected cells and some types of tumor cells. It has been shown
that circulating NK cells display high cytolytic activity against
tumor cells. They can also play an important role in the
rejection of body transplants.

90
Q

Monocytes

A

Monocytes circulate through the peripheral blood, adhere to the walls
of blood vessels and use ameboid movement (using pseudopodia) to
get to the target object. When they get to the tissue, they become
macrophages. Monocytes constitute 4-6 % of all peripheral blood
leukocytes. These are large cells (12-20 m) with a bean-shaped (or
kidney-shaped) nucleus. Their cytoplasm contains many lysosomes
and small mitochondria.

91
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets are the anucleate particles that are abundant in human blood
(200,000 – 300,000 per mm3). They have a lifespan of 8-10 days.
Platelets are biconvex discoid particles. They contain few mitochondria and many granules with
adhesion proteins and clotting factors.

92
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes (T cells) arise from bone marrow and
embryonic hemopoietic organs. They use blood to transmit
from bone marrow into thymus, where they mature and
multiply to reenter the blood stream again. T-cells are
characterized by the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) on the
cell surface. Binding of the TCR to antigen-MHC II complexes
presented by macrophages activates CD4+ T cells, which
produce cytokines that are designed to direct and recruit other
cells of the immune system. CD8+ T cells recognize defective
MHC I complex of other cells and destroy them.

anatomy (3 decks)

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