HHD sac 2

Question 1

Life expectancy

Answer 1

An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates don’t change

Question 2

Burden of Disease

Answer 2

A measure of the impact of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Question 3

Health-Adjusted life expectancy

Answer 3

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 4

Self-assessed health status

Answer 4

A measure based on a person’s own opinion show how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Question 5

YLD

Answer 5

a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness injury or disability

Question 6

YLL

Answer 6

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

Question 7

Mortality

Answer 7

refers to death, often at a population level.

Question 8

Morbidity

Answer 8

refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population of group

Question 9

U5MR

Answer 9

The rate of deaths occurring In children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

Question 10

Maternal mortality ratio

Answer 10

The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births

Question 11

Health indicators

Answer 11

Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status

Question 12

Health status

Answer 12

An individual’s or a populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

The number of new cases of a condition during given period of time

Question 14

Prevalence

Answer 14

The number of proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

Question 15

DALY

Answer 15

A measure of burden of disease, one DALy equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

Question 16

Maternal mortality

Answer 16

Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery.

Question 17

Infant mortality

Answer 17

the death of a child between birth and their first birthday

Question 18

Infant mortality rate

Answer 18

The rate of deaths occurring in children under 5 years if age per 1000 live births

Question 19

Under 5 mortality

Answer 19

The death of a child under 5 years of age

Question 20

Biological factors

Answer 20

Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing

Question 21

Sociocultural factors

Answer 21

Relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

Question 22

Environmental factors

Answer 22

Relate to the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

Question 23

Indigenous Australian biological factors

Answer 23

High BMI, Hypertension, Impaired glucose regulation, Low birth weight

Question 24

Indigenous Australians sociocultural factor

Answer 24

Low SES, high rates of unemployment, Low levels of health literacy, High rates of food insecurity, lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare

Question 25

Indigenous Australian environmental factors

Answer 25

Poorer quality and overcrowded housing, poorer quality water and sanitation systems, poorer infrastructure (poorer road quality), lack of access to healthcare facilities

Question 26

Males biological factors

Answer 26

High rates of High BMI, Higher rates of hypertension, impaired glucose regulation, genetics (testosterone)

Question 27

Males sociocultural factors

Answer 27

Impacts of unemployment, Higher SES, gender stereotypes and cultural influences

Question 28

Males environmental factors

Answer 28

Work in more dangerous environments, outside work environments

Question 29

Low SES biological factors

Answer 29

higher obesity rates, higher rates of hypertension, higher rates of impaired glucose regulation, higher rates of low birth weight babies

Question 30

Low SES sociocultural factors

Answer 30

Lower incomes, education levels and lower status occupations, lower levels of health literacy, more likely to be unemployed, more likely to experience food insecurity, higher rates of maternal smoking, less likely to access healthcare and lower levels of private heath insurance

Question 31

Low SES environmental factors

Answer 31

Greater proximity to fast food outlets, poorer quality public open spaces, more dangerous work environments, poor quality housing, greater exposure to environmental tobacco smoking

Question 32

Those living outside major cities biological factors

Answer 32

Higher rates of high BMI, high blood cholesterol, impaired glucose regulation, higher rates of low birth weight babies, higher rates of hypertension

Question 32

Those living outside major cities sociocultural factors

Answer 32

Lower incomes, less access to education, higher rates of unemployment, higher levels of social isolation, higher rates of food insecurity, early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking

Question 32

Those living outside major cities environmental factors

Answer 32

Poorer road quality, poorly lit roads, greater driving distances, reduced proximity to resources such as healthcare, transport, recreational facilities, healthcare, supermarkets and employment, greater exposure to harsh climates and effects of climate change, more dangerous working environments

Question 33

Smoking

Answer 33

1. Can cause a fault in the cells as they divide, increasing the risk of lung cancer
2. Chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up the process of atherosclerosis (the build up of plaque on blood vessel walls), which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 34

Alcohol

Answer 34

1. Alcohol is energy dense. Frequent consumption of energy dense substance can result in overconsumption of energy, therefore increasing the likelihood of becoming overweight and increasing the risk of obesity related diseases such as CVD or type 2 diabetes
2. Alcohol is linked to an increased likelihood to partake in risk taking behaviour such as reckless driving or physical aggression towards others, increasing the likelihood of a road traffic accident or injuries from fights

Question 35

High BMI

Answer 35

1. High BMI means the person is most likely overweight, making it hard for the heart to pump blood around the body, increasing the risk of obesity related diseases such as CVD or type 2 diabetes
2. High BMI means a person is most likely overweight, which can take a toll on joint health, putting incresed pressure on the joints, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis

Question 36

Low intake of Fibre

Answer 36

1. Fibre causes a feeling of satiety. Feeling full after eating decreases the likelihood of overeating and becoming overweight. If their is an underconsumption, this can cause overeating, and lead to obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes
2. Fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing, especially in the colon and rectum to reduce the risk of colorectal cancers.

Question 37

Low Intake of Iron

Answer 37

1. Iron forms the ‘Haem’ component of haemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying component of blood. A low intake of iron may develop anaemia, struggling to generate enough energy to participate in everyday activities.
2. Iron plays a role in a well functioning immune system. A non-functioning immune system may increasing the likelihood of contracting diseases and

Question 38

Underconsumption of veggies

Answer 38

1. Veggies contain fibre which plays a role in satiety. A lack of veggies means a person may overeat and become overweight, increasing the risk of obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes
2. Fruit contains antioxidants that work to reduce the amount of free radicals in the body. Under consuming veggies can increase the risk of developing cancers from free radicals

Question 39

Underconsumption of fruit

Answer 39

1. Veggies contain fibre which plays a role in satiety. A lack of veggies means a person may overeat and become overweight, increasing the risk of obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes
2. Fruit contains antioxidants that work to reduce the amount of free radicals in the body. Under consuming veggies can increase the risk of developing cancers from free radicals

Question 40

Underconsumption of dairy products

Answer 40

1. Dairy products contain the nutrient Calcium which increases bone density and strength. Under consuming dairy products would increase the likelihood of a low calcium intake, increasing the risk of osteoporosis where bones can decrease in density.
2. Calcium- risk of injury

Question 41

High intake of Fat

Answer 41

1. Fat is energy dense. High Intake of fat can increase likelihood of being overweight and increasing likelihood of obesity related diseases.
2. Increase in fat can interfere with cell membranes and contribute to impaired glucose regulation, increasing rates of type 2 diabetes.

Question 42

High intake of Salt

Answer 42

1. Sodium is the main component is salt. A high sodium intake causes excess fluid being drawn out of blood. This can increase blood volume and make it harder for the heart to pump blood around the body, increasing the risk of hypertension
2. Excess Sodium can cause calcium to be excreted in urine, which can lead to the demineralisation of bones causing osteoporosis.

Question 43

High intake of sugar

Answer 43

1. Excess sugar intake can promote bacteria growth on teeth which produce acids and contribute to decay, increasing risk of dental decay
2. Sugar is converted into fat if not used by the body, this can increase the risk of becoming overweight and obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, CVD