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GI > Health in Society > Flashcards

Health in Society Flashcards

1
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A

(# deaths 0-28d/# live births) x 1000

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2
Q

Under 5 mortality rate

A

(# deaths 0-59 months/# live births) x 1000

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3
Q

Percentage U5MR due to diarrhea

A

9%

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4
Q

Highest prevalence of diarrhea in children

A

South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

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5
Q

When does the incidence of diarrhea peak?

A

6-11 months

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6
Q

In low-income countries, children under 3 suffer how many episodes of diarrhea each year?

A

3

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7
Q

Definition of diarrhea

A

> 3 watery stools in 24 hrs

Acute watery diarrhea (cholera), acute bloody diarrhea, persistent diarrhea

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8
Q

When is diarrhea considered terminated?

A

At least 2 days free of diarrhea

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9
Q

4 pathogens that account for majority of moderate-severe diarrhea

A

Rotavirus - most common in children < 5
Cryptosporidium
ST-ETEC
Shigella

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10
Q

Odds of death for children with moderate-severe diarrhea

A

8.5 times higher

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11
Q

Effects of moderate-severe diarrhea in children < 5 and undernutrition

A

Stunting

Brain doesn’t develop properly

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12
Q

Easy way to tell overall nutritional status

A

mid-arm circumference

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13
Q

Percent contribution of undernutrition to diarrhea

A

73%

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14
Q

Moderate-severe stunting

A

Below minus 2 standard deviations from median height for age

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15
Q

Severe stunting

A

Below minus 3 standard deviations from median height for age

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16
Q

Critical period of time (when stunting can occur)

A

First 1000 days of life

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17
Q

Main cause of stunting

A

5 or more diarrhea episodes before age 2

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18
Q

IMCI

A

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

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19
Q

Facilitates absorption of sodium and water in ORS

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Corrects acidosis from diarrhea and dehydration

A

Citrate

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21
Q

Why is zinc important?

A

Immune function

Deficiency associated higher incidence of infectious disease including diarrhea and deaths from infectious disease

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22
Q

Reduces duration and severity of acute and persistent diarrhea

A

Zinc supplementation

23
Q

7 interventions for diarrheal diseases

A 
Hand washing
Clean water and sanitation
Exclusive breastfeeding
Zinc supplementation
ORS
24
Q

Causes 37% of diarrheal-deaths globally

A

Rotavirus

25
Q

What percentage of diarrhea deaths are in children under 2?

A

72%

26
Q

Major cause of death from diarrhea

A

Dehydration

27
Q

7th leading cause of global mortality

A

Viral hepatitis

28
Q

Deaths related to viral hepatitis exceeds those related to..

A

HIV, TB and Malaria

29
Q

Which is more easily transmitted, HBV or HCV?

A

HBV

30
Q

Most likely to develop into chronic infection in children

A

HBV

31
Q

Most important factor for disease progression to HBV

A

Viral load

32
Q

2 in YLL for cancer

A

Liver cancer (HCC)

33
Q

Transient Elastography

A

Measures liver fibrosis and cirrhosis through shear waves with same degree of sensitivity as liver biopsy but it’s expensive

34
Q

Non-invasive markers for liver disease monitoring in LMIC

A

APRI and FIB-4

35
Q

FIB-4 and APRI values equivalent to cirrhosis

A

FIB-4 > 3.25

APRI > 2.0

36
Q

Is HCV or HBV curable?

A

HCV

37
Q

No vaccine exists for which viral hepatitis?

A

HCV, HDV, HEV

38
Q

Most common route of HCV transmission

A

Blood

39
Q

Central hub for heroin trafficking

A

Chicago

40
Q

Leading cause of liver transplant

A

HCV

41
Q

What group are targeted for screening programs for HCV?

A

Those born 1945-1965

42
Q

What percentage of those with HCV don’t know they are infected?

A

50%

43
Q

Estimated annual health care costs of chronic HCV

A

$24k

44
Q

2nd leading cause of cancer related death

A

Colorectal cancer

45
Q

5-survival for localized staged colon cancer

A

90%

46
Q

Percentage diagnosed at early stage colon cancer due to low screening rate

A

40%

47
Q

Preferred CRC prevention test

A

Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 50

48
Q

Screening criteria if first degree relative with CRC before 60 or two first degree relatives with CRC

A

Colonoscopy every 5 years beginning beginning at age 40 or 10 years younger than age at diagnosis of youngest affected relative

49
Q

Alternative CRC tests

A

Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5-10 years
CT colonography ever 5 years
Stool base testing every year

50
Q

New guideline based on recent data wants to start CRC screening at what age?

A

45

51
Q

Percentage of adults 50-75 that’s adherent

A

60%

52
Q

Barriers to CRC screening

A 
Bowel preparation
Adequate analgesia
No recommendation from primary physician
Embarrassment
Lack of knowledge about need or methods of screening
Hx of sexual abuse
Bad experiences
Cancer-related stigma
Lack of symptoms
Time, cost, access
Language barriers
Perceived susceptibility
Self-efficacy
Mistrust
53
Q

Racial group with the lowest CRC screening

A

Hispanics

Cancer-related stigma? Language barrier? Embarrassment and fear?

GI (3 decks)

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