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AQA Geography A level Physical > Hazards in a geographical context > Flashcards

Hazards in a geographical context Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hazard

A

an event that could cause harm to people, the environment, or the economy

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2
Q

Name three types of hazards

A
  • hydrological
  • geophysical
  • atmospheric
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3
Q

Tell me three things about hydrological hazards

A
  • involve flooding
  • related to the atmosphere
  • they can be monitored so warnings can be given
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4
Q

Tell me three things about geophysical hazards

A
  • include volcanic and seismic hazards
  • related to the lithosphere
  • they can also be monitored but accurate prediction is difficult
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5
Q

Tell me three things about atmospheric hazards

A
  • include tropical storms, droughts and tornadoes
  • related to the atmosphere
  • they can be monitored and warnings may be given in a few days
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6
Q

What is a disaster?

A

When a hazard has a significant impact on people

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7
Q

What is risk?

A

The probability of a hazard happening and creating a loss of lives and/or livelihoods

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8
Q

What is vulnerability?

A

Describes the risk of exposure to hazards combined with an inability to cope with them

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9
Q

What is resilience?

A

The degree to which a population/environment can absorb a hazardous event and stay organised and functioning.

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10
Q

What is the hazard risk equation

A

Risk = (hazard x vulnerability) / capacity to cope

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11
Q

What are the three things that increase the populations ability to cope?

A
  • having emergency evacuation, rescue and relief systems in place
  • helping each other to reduce the numbers affected
  • having a hazard-resistant design / land-use planning to reduce numbers at risk
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12
Q

List 3 social impacts of hazards

A
  • deaths
  • injury
  • wider health impacts (including psychological ones)
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13
Q

List 4 economic impacts of hazards

A
  • loss of property
  • Businesses
  • infrastructure
  • opportunities
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14
Q

List me 2 environmental impacts of hazards

A
  • damage
  • destruction of ecosystems
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15
Q

Why is it difficult to compare impacts of hazards between countries? (5 reasons)

A
  • physical nature of the events is different
  • socio-economic characteristics of affected places are different
  • economic costs in developed economies can be very large, but they are less costly in developing countries
  • deaths in developing are usually low, but they can be high in other countries
  • impacts of volcanic eruptions tend to be smaller than the impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis
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16
Q

What model shows inequality?

A

The PAR model

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17
Q

What measured this inequality?

A

HDI (Human Development Index)

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18
Q

What value of the HDI is considered to have a higher vulnerability?

A

<0.55

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19
Q

What do countries with a low HDI have? (List 5 things)

A
  • many people like basic things (food/water)
  • a lot of housing issues informally constructed with no regard for hazard resilience
  • there is poor access to healthcare, so disease & illness are common
  • education levels are lower, so hazard perception and risk awareness are low
  • after disaster, government may not be able to provide social security or free healthcare for low-income groups
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20
Q

What can governments do to reduce disaster? 5 things

A
  • having insurance
  • preparedness by providing education and community awareness programmes
  • having effective monitoring systems
  • environmental management to prevent factors such as deforestation making the area more naturally dangerous
  • land-use planning and zoning to prevent house construction in dangerous areas
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21
Q

What makes a good governance? 3 things

A
  • good at meeting day-to-day needs of its population
  • meeting the basic needs by providing Sufficient food and water
  • tackle corruption and making sure that aid money is not taken by officials
22
Q

What affects the vulnerability? 2 things

A
  • population factors
  • urbanisation
23
Q

Describe population factors

A

The number of people and how they spread out they are

24
Q

Why does population density matter in terms of vulnerability? 2 examples

A
  • highly populated areas may be hard to evacuate since there are so many people
  • isolated populations in places that are difficult to access and may take a long time to reach
25
Q

How does urbanisation link to vulnerability?

A
  • Death tolls may be high because of the concentration of people at risk
  • But they tend to have more assets than rural areas, which increases resilience
26
Q

Earthquakes since 1980

A
  • 15-40 disasters per year
  • economic losses have increased
27
Q

Volcanoes since 1980

A
  • numbers are less than earthquakes
  • death toll has been much lower than earthquakes
  • 7 eruptions = >100
28
Q

Mega disasters (the Himalayas) 3 things

A
  • Kashmir (2005)
  • sichuan (2008)
  • gorkha ( 2015)
29
Q

How much did the three Himalayan disasters accounted for since 2005?

A

40% of earthquake deaths

30
Q

Other major earthquake disasters:

A
  • Banda aceh (2004)
  • Haiti (2010)
  • killing >200000 each
31
Q

Major recent eruption

A

Eyjafjallajokull (2010)
Has large ash clouds which disrupted international flights

32
Q

4 characteristics of multiple hazard zones

A
  • geologically young with unstable mountain zones prone to landslides
  • tectonically active
  • often on major storm tracks either in the mid-latitude
  • disk of global climate perturbation (ENSO)
33
Q

What does ENSO stand for?

A

El Niño Southern Oscillation

33
Q

What is prediction?

A

Knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike so that meaningful action can be taken

33
Q

What is Forecasting?

A

Gives a ‘percentage chance’ of a hazard occurring

33
Q

What are the monitoring equipments used in volcanoes? 3 things

A
  • tiltmeters
  • seismometers
  • gas spectrometers
34
Q

What is a tiltmeter

A
  • record volcanoes ‘building’ as magma rises
35
Q

What is a seismometer?

A

Records minor earthquakes that indicate magma movement

36
Q

What is a gas spectrometer?

A

Analyse gas emissions that could point to increased eruption likelihood

37
Q

Name 4 components of the hazard management cycle

A
  • response
  • recovery
  • mitigation
  • preparedness
38
Q

What is response? 3 facts

A
  • immediate help
  • rescue to save lives
  • aid to keep people alive
39
Q

What is recovery? 2 facts

A
  • rebuilding infrastructure/services after disaster
  • rehabilitating injured people
40
Q

What is mitigation?

A
  • acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster
41
Q

Two examples of mitigation

A
  • land-use zoning
  • building hazard-resistant buildings/infrastructure
42
Q

What is preparedness? 2 facts

A
  • community education and resilience building
    -improving prediction warning and evacuation systems
43
Q

What does the park model show? 4 things

A
  • how QoL is impacted hazardous event
  • how a range of movement strategies can be used over time
  • shows the roles of emergency relief agencies
  • how different areas affected may have a different response curve (depending on their level of preparedness and economic development)
44
Q

Ways to modify tectonic hazard event

A
  • build resistance cities
  • land-use zones
  • aseismic buildings
  • man-made defences
45
Q

What are land-use zones? 2 things

A
  • Used to prevent building on low-lying coasts to avoid tsunami damage
  • planners can also avoid building on areas close to volcanoes and areas where liquefaction is likely
46
Q

What are aseismic buildings

A

they have deep foundation and use cross-bracing

47
Q

Name 2 physical defences

A
  • tsunami defences
  • lava diversion
48
Q

What are tsunami defences?

A

Can be made by building strong sea walls and breakwaters

49
Q

What is lava diversion

A

Can be done by building channels and cooling areas with water

AQA Geography A level Physical (4 decks)

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