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haha gagi basta Flashcards

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1
Q
  • the existence of molecules that have the same numbers of the same kinds of atoms (and hence the same formula) but differ in chemical and physical properties.
A

ISOMERISM

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2
Q

Isomers that differ in connectivity are called _____ . They have the same parts, but those parts are attached to each other differently.

A

constitutional (sometimes structural) isomers

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3
Q

are isomers that have the same composition (that is, the same parts) but that differ in the orientation of those parts in space

A

stereoisomers

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4
Q

In a _____ , the front carbon is located at the intersection of the bonds to the three attached hydrogen atoms, and the back carbon is an exploded circle, with the attached bonds emanating from the circumference of the circle.

A

Newman projection

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5
Q

Rotations about carbon-carbon bonds interconvert two equally energetic chair forms. This process is colloquially called a ____

A

ring “flip.”

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6
Q

are chemical compounds that are often derived from alkanes that contain one or more halogens

A

Alkyl halides also called haloalkanes or halogenoalkanes

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7
Q

In this type of haloalkanes, the carbon which is bonded to the halogen family will be only attached to one other alkyl group. It doesn’t matter how much bulky group is attached to it.

A

Primary Alkyl Halide

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8
Q

In this type of haloalkanes, the carbon atom which is bonded with the halogen atom is joined directly to the other two alkyl groups which can be the same or different

A

Secondary Alkyl Halide

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9
Q

In this type of haloalkanes, the carbon atom which carries the halogen atom is directly bonded to three alkyl group. This alkyl group maybe with a combination of the same or different.

A

Tertiary Alkyl Halide

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10
Q

• Due to greater polarity and greater molar mass as compared to parent hydrocarbon, the intermolecular force of attraction is ____ in halogen derivatives.

A

stronger

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11
Q

• The attraction gets stronger as the size and number of electrons ___.

A

increases

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12
Q

• The haloalkanes are ____ soluble in water.

A

less

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13
Q

• They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds.

A

Uses of alkyl halide

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14
Q
  • Previously used as refrigerants and propellants.

* They are also used in fire extinguishers

A

alkyl halides

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15
Q

Structural (constitutional) isomers have the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement among the atoms.

A

STEREOISOMER

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16
Q

have identical molecular formulas and arrangements of atoms.

A

Stereoisomers

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17
Q

They differ from each other only in the spatial orientation of groups in the molecule.

A

sterioisomers

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18
Q
  • They differ in connectivity

* They have the same parts, but those parts are attached to each other differently.

A

CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERS

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19
Q
  • compounds of identical molecular formula but which have different functional groups.
A

Functional isomers:

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20
Q

Stereoisomers have the same atomic connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of the constituent atoms.

A

STEREOISOMERISM

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21
Q
  • involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.
A

STEREOCHEMISTRY

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22
Q

focuses on stereoisomers, compounds that have same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

A

STEREOCHEMISTRY-

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23
Q

Stereochemistry is also called ___ because stereo means____

A

3D Chemistry

three dimensionality

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24
Q

are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable on their mirror images.

A

ENANTIOMERS

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25
Q

are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other - they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers.

A

Diastereomers

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26
Q

Molecules that can exist as enantiomers are said to be ___; they are non-superimposable on their mirror images.

A

chiral

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27
Q

is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of enantiomers.

A

Chirality

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28
Q

An object is __ if its mirror image is different from the original object.

A

chiral

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29
Q

Mirror images that can be superposed are .

A

achiral (not chiral)

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30
Q

When the images can be superimposed, the compound is .

A

achiral

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31
Q

An asymmetric carbon atom is the most common example of a

A

chirality center.

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32
Q

A ) is any atom at which the interchange of two groups gives a stereoisomer.

A

stereocenter (or stereogenic atom

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33
Q

A molecule that has a plane of symmetry is

A

achiral.

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34
Q

are compounds that contain either double bonds or else ring structures that prevent functional groups from freely rotating around a chemical bond

A

GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

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35
Q

In a ___ isomer, the functional groups are on the same side of a chemical bond.

A

cis

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36
Q

In a trans isomer, the functional groups are on ___ sides of a bond.

A

opposite or transverse

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37
Q

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a

A

tetrahedral stereogenic center, asymmetric center, or chirality centre.

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38
Q

are NOT ISOMERS they are different arrangements of the SAME MOLECULE.

A

Conformations

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39
Q

The conformation of a molecule containing two tetrahedral atoms linked together can be represented as a

A

“Newman” or as sawhorse projections.

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40
Q

In the _________the molecule is viewed along the axis of a rotatable bond.

A

Newman projection

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41
Q

_____are very similar to Newman Projections, but are used more often because the carbon-carbon bond that is compressed in a Newman Projection is fully drawn out in a ____

A

Sawhorse Projections

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42
Q

_______: a conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond where the atoms on one carbon are as far apart from atoms on the adjacent carbon

A

Staggered conformation

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43
Q

a conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond where atoms on one carbon are as close as possible to the atoms on the adjacent carbon

A

Eclipsed conformation:

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44
Q

The force that opposes the rotation of one part of a molecule about a bond while the other part of the molecule is held fixed

A

Torsional Strain

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45
Q

It Determines the Energy Difference

A

Electron Pair Repulsions

46
Q

The torsional strain between eclipsed and staggered ethane is approximately

A

2.9 kcal/mol

47
Q

Longer distance, repulsions are

Shorter distance means _____repulsions for Eclipsed

A

less; larger

48
Q
  • Description given to two substituents attached to adjacent atoms when their bonds are at 180° with respect to each other.
A

Anti

49
Q
  • Description given to two substituents attached to adjacent atoms when their bonds are at 0° with respect to each other.
A

Syn

50
Q
  • Description given to two substituents attached to adjacent atoms when their bonds are at 60° and 300° with respect to each other.
A

Gauche

51
Q

The _____ form is less stable than the anti form by 0.9 kcal/ mol due to _____ between the two methyl groups.

A

gauche; steric hindrance

52
Q

-Destabilization due to the repulsion between the electron clouds of atoms or groups. Groups try to occupy some common space.

A

Steric

53
Q
  • Destabilization due to the repulsion between pairs of bonds caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the electrons in the bonds. Groups are eclipsed.
A

Torsional

54
Q
  • Destabilization due to distortion of a bond angle from it’s optimum value caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the electrons in the bonds
A

Angle

55
Q

. The six axial bonds, one on each carbon, are parallel and alternate up-down.

A

Axial bonds

56
Q

The method of unambiguously assigning the handedness of molecules

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Notation

57
Q

Assign sequence priorities to the four substituents by looking at the atoms attached directly to the chiral center.

A

The Sequence Rule

58
Q

Fischer Rules
►Carbon chain is on the ____ line.

►Highest oxidized carbon is at ___ . Rotation of 180° in plane doesn’t
change molecule.

Rotation of ___ is NOT allowed

A

vertical; top; 90°

59
Q

Enantiomers have ___ configurations at each corresponding chiral carbon.

► Diastereomers have some ____ configurations.

A

opposite

matching, some opposite

60
Q

These compounds have a plane of symmetry.

A

Meso compounds

60
Q

Meso compounds are ___ even though they have chiral centers

A

achiral

61
Q

Some molecules have structures that cannot be shown with a single representation. In these cases we draw structures that contribute to the final structure but which differ in the position of the π bond(s) or lone pair(s)

■ Such a structure is delocalized and is represented by ___

A

Resonance; Resonance forms

62
Q

A structure with resonance forms does not alternate between the forms

Instead, it is a hybrid of the resonance forms, so the structure is called a

A

resonance hybrid

63
Q

In the , the actual structure, all its C-C bonds are equivalent, midway between double and single

A

resonance hybrid

64
Q

The resonance bond is ____ than a single bond and larger than a .

A

shorter ; double bond

65
Q

Rules for Resonance Structures

■ All structures must be valid _____.

☐ There must be extra ____, and somewhere to move them.

The true structure of a molecule is a ____ or average of the individual resonance structures.

■ It does not quickly shift back and forth between them.

Resonance structures increase the _____of the molecule compared with molecules lacking resonance structures.
■ More structures =

A 
Lewis Structures.
electrons
hybrid
overall stability 
more stability.
66
Q

Relative Stability of Resonance Structures:

■ Structures in which all atoms (except hydrogen) have a ____ are especially stable and make larger contributions to the hybrid.

■ Structures with ___ formal charges contribute more.

A

complete octet

fewer and lower

67
Q

Relatively few molecules formed with nonmetals contain odd numbers of electrons.

■ These examples usually involve N.

These are not very stable.

A

Odd Electron Molecules

68
Q

The difference between the number of valence electrons on the free atom and the number of valence electrons assigned to the atom in the molecule.

A

Formal Charge

69
Q

The oxygen atom in the structure has two lone pairs.

A

Carbonyl group

70
Q

____bond is shorter, stronger, and more polar than C=C bond in alkenes.

A

C=O

71
Q

any of a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group in which the C atom is covalently bonded to an O atom (double bonds)

A

Ketones

72
Q

Properties of ketones
-Ketones are _____ acceptors.

  • Ketones are not usually ___ and cannot hydrogen-bond to themselves.
  • Because of their inability to serve both as hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, ketones tend not to “self-associate” and are ___ than alcohols and carboxylic acids of comparable molecular weights
  • Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon (3.5 vs 2.5) and, therefore, a C=O group is ___
  • Ketones are polar due to this C-O bond and therefore have ____ than hydrocarbons making their boiling points ____
A 
hydrogen-bond
hydrogen-bond donors
more volatile
polar
stronger intermolecular forces/higher.
73
Q

BOILING POINT

More polar, so higher boiling point than comparable ___
Cannot H-bond to each other, so lower boiling point than comparable ___

A

alkane or ether.

alcohol.

74
Q

Acid-base properties of ketones

-C-H bonds ____ to the carbonyl in ketones are ___ (pK, 20) than the C-H bonds in __ (pK,= 50).

A

adjacent
more acidic
alkane

75
Q

The ____ of the a-hydrogen also allows ketones and other carbonyl compounds to react as ____ at that position, -Ketones are also ____

A

acidity; nucleophiles; weak bases,

76
Q

female sex hormone- ,
male sex hormone-, and
adrenal hormone-
in musk deer,

A

progesterone
testosterone
cortisone
muscone

77
Q

-any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms

A

Aldehyde

78
Q

Properties of Aldehydes
BOILING & MELTING POINTS

O The melting and boiling points of carbonyl-containing compounds are considerably ____than hydrocarbons

A

higher

79
Q

INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTION AND SOLUBILITY

• Lone pair of electrons on oxygen of carbonyl can accept a hydrogen bond from ___.
Aldehyde is ____ in water.

A

O-H or N-H

miscible

80
Q

PHYSICAL STATES

  • Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a ___ under standard conditions,
  • Acetaldehyde (CH,CHO) boils at about ____.

Other aldehydes, except those of high molecular weight, are ___ under ordinary conditions..

A

gas
room temperature
liquids

81
Q

any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (0) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (-OH) by a single bond.

A

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

82
Q

Properties of Carboxylic Acid

___molecular weight carboxylic acids
taste
aromas

A

Low
Sharp, sour
Unpleasant

83
Q

are named according to the same system as other organic compounds. othe suffix -oyl chloride is added to the stem used to o indicate the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain within the molecule.

A

Acid Chlorides/Acyl Halide

84
Q

name of the parent acid, and replace the word “acid” by “anhydride”. “Anhydride” simply means “without water”. ethanoic acid form@ethanoic anhydride propanoic acid forms propanoic anhydride

A

Acid Anhydrides

85
Q

are named as if the alkyl chain from the alcohol is a substituent.

A

Esters

86
Q

This is followed by the name of the parent chain from the carboxylic acid part of the ester with an -e remove and replaced with the ending-oate.

A

esters

87
Q

are named by changing the name of the acid by dropping the -oic acid or -ic acid endings and adding -amide.

A

Amides

88
Q

• Nitriles used to be known as ____; the smallest organic nitrile is ____,

A

cyanides; ethanenitrile

89
Q

The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in literature to refer to the functional group.

A

Nitriles

90
Q

contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp³) They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates

A

Alcohols

91
Q

, is a common solvent, a fuel additive, produced in large quantities

A

Methanol, CH,OH, called methyl alcohol

92
Q

alcohol, is a solvent, fuel, beverage

A

Ethanol, CH,CH₂OH, called ethyl

93
Q

Methyl (C has __),
Primary (1°) (C has ___),
secondary (2°) (C has ____),
tertiary (3°) (C has ___),

A

3 H’s
two H’s, one R
one H, two R’s
no H, 3 R’s

94
Q

contain an OH group connected to a carbon in a benzene ring

A

Phenols

95
Q

Alcohols and phenols have much ____ boiling points than similar ____

Alcohols Form ___

A __ polarized OH hydrogen atom from one molecule oxygen atom of another molecule is attracted to a ___ of electrons on a negatively polarized

A

higher; alkanes and alkyl halides
Hydrogen Bonds
positively ;lone pair

96
Q

Alcohols and Phenols are Weak ___

A

Brønsted Acids

97
Q

are about as acidic as water

groups make an alcohol a weaker acid The more easily the alkoxide ion is solvated by water the more its formation is energetically favored Steric effects are important

A

Simple alcohols

Alkyl

98
Q

Electron-withdrawing groups make an alcohol a stronger acid by stabilizing the conjugate base

A

(alkoxide)

99
Q

are bases used as reagents in organic chemistry

A

NaNH2, and Grignard reagents (RMgX) Alkoxides

100
Q

Phenols (pK -10) are much ___ than alcohols (pK16) due to ____ of the phenoxide ion

Phenols react with ___ solutions (but alcohols do not), forming soluble salts that are soluble in dilute aqueous

A phenolic component can be separated from an organic solution by ____into basic aqueous solution and is __ after acid is added to the solution

A

more acidic; resonance stabilization
NaOH
extraction; isolated

101
Q

Phenols with an electron-donating substituent are ___ because these substituents concentrate the charge

A

less acidic

102
Q

Hydroboration/oxidation: syn, non-Markovnikov hydration

______: Markovnikov hydration

A

Oxymercuration/reduction

103
Q
  • a reaction that involves the replacement of one molecule or an atom of a compound with another molecule or an atom.

a reaction wherein the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group.

A

SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS

104
Q

are actually Lewis acids & Lewis bases

A

Electrophiles & nucleophiles

105
Q

+charged & therefore e- loving; looking for an e-rich nucleophile E acids

A

Electrophiles

106
Q

e-rich (sometimes -) & looking for an e- seeking electrophile

A

Nucleophile

107
Q

: the group removes a proton and takes it away

: attacks the other reactant & is added to it

A

Base

Nu

108
Q

A common theme of organic reactions is _____ oa nucleophile uses its electron pairs to attack an electrophile, a chemical with low electron density.

A

Nucleophilic Attack:

109
Q

The ___, more __ shape of the sp alkyne orbitals places electrons closer to the nucleus.

The more ___ electrons are held to the nucleus, the __they are pulled toward hydrogen atoms they are bonded to.

___are therefore better acids than___ becuase their hydrogen are ____bound.

A

shorter; spherical
tightly; less
Alkynes; alkenes and alkanes; less tightly

110
Q

are compounds that contain either double bonds or else ring structures that prevent functional groups from freely rotating around a chemical bond.

A

GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

Organic chem (1 decks)

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