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HaDPop > HaDPop > Flashcards

HaDPop Flashcards

1
Q

What is GFR?

A

General fertility rate: number of live births per 1000 fertile women between ages 15-44.

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2
Q

What is TPFR?

A

Total period fertility rate: average number of children born to a hypothetical woman in her lifetime (sum of age specific boundaries).

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3
Q

What is CDR?

A

Crude death rate: number of deaths per 1000 population.

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4
Q

What is the incidence rate of a disease?

A

The number of new cases of the disease per 1000 people per year.

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5
Q

What is the prevalence rate of a disease?

A

The amount of people who currently have the disease in a set population.

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6
Q

What is the incidence rate ratio of a disease?

A

The incidence rates of two populations with varying exposures compared to see if the exposure causes the disease.

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7
Q

What is a confounding factor?

A

Something that is associated with both the outcome and exposure of interest, but is not on the causal pathway between exposure and outcome.

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8
Q

What can result from confounding factors?

A

Results distorted so they appear misleading. Can show potential causal links which are actually unfounded.

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9
Q

What is SMR?

A

Standardised mortality ratio: takes into account confounding factors to provide summative figures compared to the general population (O/Ex100).

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10
Q

How does SMR take into account confounding factors?

A

By standardising the date; usually based on age and gender to remove them as confounders.

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11
Q

What is variation?

A

A difference between the observed and actual value.

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12
Q

How are confidence intervals calculated?

A

Lower: value / e.f
Upper: value x e.f

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13
Q

What is bias?

A

Deviation of the results from the truth via certain processes.

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14
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Error due to systematic differences in the ways in which two groups were collected.

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15
Q

What is information bias?

A

Error due to systematic misclassification of subjects in the group.

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16
Q

What is the healthy worker effect?

A

Deficit in morbidity and mortality ascribed to various employment-associated factors when workers are compared to the general population.

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17
Q

When are cohort studies used?

A

When investigating rare exposures or if a disease takes a long time to develop?

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18
Q

What is a prospective study?

A

Study where disease free individuals are recruited and followed up over time.

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19
Q

What is a retrospective study?

A

A study where disease free individuals are recruited and exposure status is calculated using historical data and followed up.

20
Q

What happens in a cohort study?

A

Disease free individuals are recruited and classified based on exposure status. They are followed up over out extended periods and disease progress is monitored. Incidence rates are calculated.

21
Q

What are internal comparisons and how are they compared?

A

Where sub-cohorts within the original group are compared as ‘exposed’ and ‘unexposed’ within the cohort. IRR is used.

22
Q

What are external comparisons and how are they compared?

A

The exposed population is compared to an external reference population. Compared using SMR to remove confounders.

23
Q

How can bussing from the healthy worker effect be removed?

A

Make comparisons between the test cohort and another occupational cohort.

24
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

A study where disease free controls and diseased individuals (cases) are recruited and their exposure status is determined using an odds ratio.

25
Q

How is an odds ratio calculated?

A

Cases and controls along top of the table. Exposed and unexposed on the side of the table. OR=(ad/bc).

26
Q

When are case control studies used?

A

When rare diseases are being investigated.

27
Q

How many more controls are used than cases in a case control study and why?

A

Around 5 times more. Any less and the error factor increases but any more and the error factor is barely reduced despite the increase in cost.

28
Q

How is the confidence interval calculated in a case control study?

A

OR x e.f. or OR/ e.f.

29
Q

How can selection bias affect case control studies?

A

Participants don’t represent the general population.

30
Q

How can recall bias affect a case control study?

A

Exposure status is incorrectly determined due to looking back at the history to determine exposure status.

31
Q

How is confounding reduced in a case control study?

A

Cases and controls are matched based upon similar details.

32
Q

How is a randomised control trial carried out?

A

Source of patients is identified. Eligible patients are invited to participate and they are randomly and fairly allocated to a treatment. Patients are all followed up in the same way and losses are minimised and compliance is maximised. Data is analysed to obtain results.

33
Q

How are outcomes measured in a randomised control trial?

A

Using intention to treat analysis.

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Bradford-Hill criteria?

A

To determine wether causal-effect relationships have been established in a study. The more criteria present, the more likely causality is.

35
Q

What are the Bradford-Hill criteria?

A

Strength of association, specifity of association, consistency of association, temporal sequence, dose response, reversibility, biological plausibility, coherence of theory. (Some Sick Cunts Tape Dinosaurs Round Bradford’s Cock).

36
Q

How are losses minimised in a randomised control trial?

A

Follow up appointments at practical times, no coercion or inducements, honesty to the patient.

37
Q

How is compliance maximised in a randomised control trial?

A

Simplified instructions, allow patient to ask any questions they have, make the trial simple and accessible for the patient.

38
Q

How can compliance be measured in a randomised control trial?

A

Using blood tests,murine samples, etc.

39
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

A compilation of primary studies.

40
Q

What features should studies have in a systematic review?

A

They should be relevant and credible as well as being transparent, reproducible and explicit. (Usually randomised control trials). Both published and unpublished studies should be used.

41
Q

What is a meta analysis?

A

A quantities synthesis of primary studies within a systematic review.

42
Q

What is the fixed effects model used in a systematic review?

A

Model that assumes the studies used are homogenous and any variation between the data comes from within: study variation.

43
Q

What is the random effects model used in systematic reviews?

A

Model that assumes studies are heterogenous and variation between data comes from within: study variation and in-between study variation.

44
Q

How can publication bias be determined?

A

Using a funnel plot: if the plot is well balanced the plot will show a funnel shape, if it is biased the plot will vary in shape.

45
Q

What is CBR?

A

Crude birth rate: number of live births per 1000 population.

HaDPop (1 decks)

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