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Y4 cOGText > Gynae Problems > Flashcards

Gynae Problems Flashcards

1
Q

what is menorrhagia?

A

heavy menstrual bleedin

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2
Q

what is metrorrhagia?

A

regular intermenstrual bleeding

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3
Q

what is oligomenorrhea?

A

menses at intervals of >35days
OR
5 or less cycles a year

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4
Q

what is amenorrhea?

A

absence of menstruation >6months

primary/secondary

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5
Q

what local disorders can cause menorrhagia?

A 
fibroids
adenomyosis
endocervical/endometrial polyp
endometrial hyperplasia
IUD
PID
endometriosis
malignancy of the uterine or cervix
ovarian tumours
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6
Q

what systemic disorders can cause menorrhagia?

A 
endocrine disorders 
haematological diseases
liver diseases
renal disease
drugs - anticoagulants
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7
Q

what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

A

non-organic menorrhagia

occurs in the absence of pathology

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8
Q

what are the management options for menorrhagia?

A 
Mirena IUS
COCP
antifibrinolytics
NSAIDs
oral progestogens
GnRH analogue/agonists
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9
Q

what are some causes of postcoital bleeding (PCB)?

A 
Cervical ectropion
cervical carcinoma
trauma 
atrophic vaginitis
cervicitis 2nd to STIs
polyps
idiopathic
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10
Q

what are some causes of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB)?

A 
Atrophic vaginitis
endometrial polyps
endometrial hyperplasia
endometrial carcinoma
cervical carcinoma
ovarian cancer
vaginal cancer
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11
Q

what are the NICE guidelines on women presenting with PMB?

A

Women >55y/o with PMB should be investigated within 2 weeks by USS for endometrial cancer

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12
Q

what is the most common cause of PMB?

A

Atrophic vaginitis

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13
Q

what is atrophic vaginitis?

A

when the epithelium thins & breaks down in response to low oestrogen levels

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14
Q

what is the most common cause of menstrual irregularity?

A

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

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15
Q

What is the Rotterdam criteria?

A

used to diagnose PCOS

requires at least two of the following for diagnosis:

  • evidence of hyperandrogenism
  • polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scan
  • oligo/amenorrhea
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16
Q

what are features of PCOS?

A 
obesity
hypertension
acanthosis nigricans
acne & hirsutism
irregular periods
17
Q

in PCOS there is an increase in the LH:FSH ratio…true or false?

A

true!
LH levels are very high
FSH levels are low/normal

18
Q

what is primary amenorrhea?

A

failure of menstruation by 16 years of age

19
Q

what is secondary amenorrhea?

A

absence of menstruation for at least 6 months in a female that has had periods before
(not pregnancy, lactation or menopause)

20
Q

what is the climateric?

A

The period around the beginning of the menopause

21
Q

when is menopause classed as premature?

A

if it happens before the age of 45

22
Q

what causes menopause?

A

it is due to a loss of ovarian follicular activity leading to a fall in oestradiol levels below that needed for endometrial stimulation

23
Q

what risks are associated with HRT?

A

Breast cancer
VTE
Endometrial cancer

Y4 cOGText (9 decks)

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