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NMSK > Gross Anatomy of Bones + Cartilage > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of Bones + Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The tube of solid bonw

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2
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The central cavity filled with bone marrow or fat in older animals

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3
Q

What name is given to the midsection/shaft of the bone?

A

The diaphysis

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4
Q

What are the two different parts to the end of the bone called?

A

The Metaphysis
- flared region adjacent to epiphysis
The epiphysis
- rounded end

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5
Q

What is the periosteum of the bone?

A

This is the vessel rich bone-producing membrane that covers all of the outside of the bone except the two ends of the bone covered by articular cartilage

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6
Q

What are the articular surfaces?

A

Ends of the bone that meet to form a joint, covered in smooth cartilage covers

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7
Q

What is compact bone called?

A

Cortical

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8
Q

What is trabecular (spongy) bone called?

A

Cancellous

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9
Q

What is included in the trunk?

A

Vertebral column, ribs & sternum

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10
Q

What is included in the limbs?

A

Shoulder & pelvic limb

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11
Q

How many bones are found in the (dog skeleton):
Trunk
Limbs
Visceral bones

A

134
186
1
(321 in total)

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12
Q

What are visceral bones?

A

Bones developed in soft tissues (these vary widely between species)

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones that form the axis/centre of the animal

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Regions of bones that are attached to the bones of the axial skeleton

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15
Q

What are the only two visceral bones that can be found in animals?

A

Os penis in cats and dogs
Os cordis in the heart of ruminants

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16
Q

What does Os mean?

A

Bone

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17
Q

What is chondral ossification?

A

When bones ossify from a cartilage precursor
eg. most limb bones

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18
Q

What is membranous ossification?

A

When bones ossify directly from mesenchymal cells
eg. scapula and most bones of the skull

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19
Q

What are the two ways in which boned develop?

A

Chondral Ossification
Membranous ossification

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20
Q

Where are chondral ossified bones found and how does this affect their configuration?

A

In load bearing areas so usually have specific fail/fracture configurations

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21
Q

Where are membranous ossified bones found and how does this affect their configuration?

A

Found in non-load bearing areas and their fracture configuration is the same as if a sheet of ice was broken like a pebble

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22
Q

What is the purpose of long bones?

A

Main part of column provides strength and the expanded ends provide a transfer of the load. They also resist compression if loaded, acting like levers and resisting tension during muscle contractions.

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23
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

Humorous, femur, radius, tibia

24
Q

What shape do long bones take on?

A

Cylindrical shape

25
Q

What is the periosteum…..

….structure
….function

A

Vessel-rich membrane that covers the outside of the whole bone except for the ends with articular cartilage

Bone producing membrane that supplies the bones with the blood they require and helps with bone development and remodelling.

26
Q

What is the compact/cortical bones…

….structure
….function

A

Solid bone consisting of concentric bone arranged around a central osteone

Provides structural support and protection to the bones in the body.

27
Q

What is the cancellous bones….

….structure
….function

A

Bony Trabeculae (little beams) with spaces filled with red bone marrow

Provides structural support against stress and flexibility to the bone without the weight like the compact bone.

28
Q

What is the medullary/marrow cavity….

….structure
….function

A

Hollow bone filled with yellow and red bone marrow

Making blood cells and then Turing into marrow that stores fat and minerals

29
Q

What is the function of the humeral and femoral head?

A

Provide a wide range of movements in joints

30
Q

What is the function of the Tubercles, trochanters and tuberosities?

A

Elevation/raise irregularity in bone that act as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

31
Q

What is the function of the fossae?

A

Depressed irregularity in bone that act as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

32
Q

What are the functions of the condyles and epicondyles?

A

Condyles provide structural support to bone joints and Epicondyles are found on long bones allow tendons and ligaments to attach to them

33
Q

What shape to irregular bones take on?

A

Irregular shapes

34
Q

What are irregular bones shaped the way they are?

A

For muscle and ligament attachment

35
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

The vertebral bones

36
Q

What are pneumatic bones and what’s an example?

A

Bones that contain air spaces
The flat bones f the skull that form the paranasal sinuses are an example of these

37
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

Bones of the skull, scapula, pelvis, ribs

38
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones that provide additional strength and reduce wear over joints

39
Q

What are some sesamoid functions and an example of each?

A
  • protecting tendons over bony prominences (navicular bone)
  • redirecting the course of the tendon (patella)
  • attachment for a tendon (patella)
  • weight-bearing function (equine fetlock)
40
Q

What do short bones look like?

A

They have many sides with similar dimensions throughout the group

41
Q

What is the function of groups of small bones?

A

They transmit and spread forces evenly throughout joints

42
Q

Why is one surface in small bones no-articular?

A

So that ligaments can attach and vasculature

43
Q

What are two examples of short bones?

A

Carpal and Tarsal bones

44
Q

What shape do flat bones take on?

A

Flat and thin

45
Q

What is the purpose of flat bones?

A

Act as attachment for soft tissues, and protects underlying tissues

46
Q

How do bones grow?

A

They can only grow from the outside, never from the inside so limited expansion

47
Q

What percentage of bones consist of calcium?

A

90%

48
Q

What 3 major components do bone tissues consist of?

A

Matrix
Cells
Vascular spaces

49
Q

What cells are found in bone tissue?

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

50
Q

What is “osteoid”?

A

Ground substance in which numerous collagen fibres are embedded

51
Q

What is osteoid made from?

A

Osteoblasts

52
Q

What is impeded in osteoid?

A

Water, glycoproteins, proteoglycan, bone sialoproteins

53
Q

Where are collagen fibres deposited?

A

In different organisational structures

54
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Woven bone - first bone created, fixes breaks, weak
Lamellar bone - structurally superior, strong, thin layers of osteiods

55
Q

What do the two types of bones look like?

A

Woven - woven collagen fibres
Lamellar - parallel fibres

56
Q

What is the main helper during bone growth?

A

Primary osteons

NMSK (10 decks)

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