Greece

Question 1

3 Stages of Greek medicine

Answer 1

1) Pre Hippocratic Period
2) Classic Period of Hippocratic Tradition
3) Graeco-Roman Period

Question 2

The Pre-Hippocratic period of the Minoan civilization is characterized by what?

Answer 2

high stage of sanitation

Question 3

When did the Classic period of Hippocratic tradition start?

Answer 3

6th Century BCE

Question 4

This Pythagorean from the classic period of hippocratic tradition freed two cities of pestilence by draining swaps and fumigation

Answer 4

Empedocles

Question 5

What are the four elements and four bodily humors according to Empedocles?

Answer 5

Four Elements - Bodily Humors 
Fire - Blood 
Air - Phlegm
Earth - choler/yellow bile
Water - melancholy/black bile

Note: Health depended on the harmony of the four humors

Question 6

Anaxagoras of Croton (Hippocratic period)

Answer 6

• optic nerve and auditory tube

- brain = seat of senses and intellect

Question 7

Herophilus

Answer 7

• Father of Anatomy
• arteries vs. veins, motor vs. sensory nerves
• duodenum, prostate gland, hyoid bone, female anatomy
• structure of eye, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

Question 8

Erasistratus

Answer 8

• Father of Physiology
• anaphysio of brain
• pneumatic theory of blood flow
• rejected humoral theory of Hippocrates; suggested excess of blood as cause of disease instead
• invented catheter (either him or Herophilus)
• ligation of bleeding arteries

Question 9

Alcmaeon

Answer 9

• brain = physiological seat of senses

Question 10

Aristotle

Answer 10

• first great biologist
• foundations of comparative anatomy and embryology
• scientific method -> greater scientific knowledge

Question 11

Asclepius

Answer 11

• miracles of healing

- possibly father of Podeleirus

Question 12

Hippocrates

Answer 12

• Father of Medicine
• works attributed to stage in western medicine where disease was regarded as natural rather than supernatural phenomenon
• wrote Fractures, Dislocations and Wounds, and The Healing Power of Nature

Question 13

What is contained in Aphorisms and Prognostics by Hippocrates?

Answer 13

Summaries of clinical experiences

Question 14

Four important principles in the 70 books either Hippocrates or his students wrote

Answer 14

1) physician should work for love of humanity; must be sober, modest
2) disease studied by meticulous observation (using 5 senses)
3) disease is the result of diet, climate and occupation (environmental forces)
4) emphasis in simple treatment with careful diet and surgery (only when necessary)

Question 15

Hippocratic Oath

Answer 15

1) impart medical concepts [free]
2) bound by ethical concepts
3) perform to best of one’s ability
4) not to cause harm (via drugs)
5) not to induce abortion
6) not to do mischief even under temptation
7) be discreet regarding patients and cases

Question 16

This work attributed to Hippocrates marks a revolutionary point in the development if medicine

Answer 16

Corpus Hippocratum

Question 17

What is On Air, Water, and Places [by Hippocrates]

Answer 17

The first treatise on physiotherapy, balneology and climate in relation to health

Question 18

This treatise (by Hippocrates) on the Prognostics described the symptoms of approaching death

Answer 18

Hippocratica

Question 19

What are the the Hippocratic treaties on Epidemics about?

Answer 19

the first four clinical case histories

Question 20

3 things included in Hippocratic pharmacopoeia

Answer 20

1) emetic
2) astringents
3) narcotics

Question 21

What is similia similibus?

Answer 21

• It is a principle employed by the Greeks for drugs
• “likes are cured by likes”
• a disease is cured by those remedies which produce effects resembling the disease itself (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary for Health)

Question 22

Possibly Hellenistic stage of Greek medicine

Answer 22

Graeco-Roman period