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Science 9 > Gr9 Exam Review > Flashcards

Gr9 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the proper way to carry the microscope?

A

By the arm and base

Proper handling prevents damage and ensures safety.

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2
Q

Which adjustment knob should you use on high power?

A

Fine focus knob

Using the fine focus knob ensures precision when viewing specimens.

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3
Q

If you are looking at a specimen under high power, what is the total magnification?

A

Depends on the objective lens used

Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification by the objective lens magnification.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Level of organization - cell, tissue, ______, organ system, organism, ecosystem.

A

organ

The hierarchy of biological organization includes various levels from cells to ecosystems.

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5
Q

What is an example of a cell?

A

Red blood cell

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen in the body.

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6
Q

What is an example of a tissue?

A

Skin tissue

Skin tissue serves as a protective barrier for the body.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activities and stores genetic information

The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts convert sunlight into chemical energy in plants.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structure and protection

The cell wall is found in plant cells and some prokaryotes.

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produces energy (ATP)

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Stores substances and maintains turgor pressure

Vacuoles are larger in plant cells and help maintain their shape.

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12
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Site of metabolic processes and contains organelles

Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Regulates what enters and exits the cell

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to pass through.

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14
Q

What shape do plant cells typically have?

A

Rectangular shape

Plant cells usually have a fixed rectangular shape due to their cell wall.

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15
Q

What shape do animal cells typically have?

A

Round or spherical shape

Animal cells can have various shapes, often round or irregular.

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16
Q

What do both plant and animal cells have in common?

A

Contain cytoplasm, nucleus & cell membrane

All cells, regardless of type, share these fundamental components.

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17
Q

Which cell type can have chloroplasts?

A

Plant cells

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis and are typically found in plant cells.

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18
Q

What structure acts as the control center of the cell?

A

Nucleus

The nucleus regulates cell activities and contains genetic material.

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19
Q

What can be found inside the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

Chromosomes contain DNA, which is crucial for genetic information and cell function.

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20
Q

The nucleus contains _______ shaped structures called chromosomes.

A

X

Chromosomes are typically depicted as X-shaped during cell division.

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21
Q

What is the unit of genetic information found on chromosomes?

A

Gene

Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits.

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22
Q

How many chromosomes do healthy humans have in their body cells?

A

46

Healthy human body cells are diploid and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do human sex cells (gametes) have?

A

23

Human gametes are haploid and contain one set of 23 chromosomes.

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24
Q

Put the following in order of smallest to largest: DNA, chromosomes, genes, nucleus.

A

DNA, genes, chromosomes, nucleus

DNA is the smallest unit, followed by genes, then chromosomes, and finally the nucleus.

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25
Q

An organism has five pairs of chromosomes which equal ten chromosomes in total. After mitosis, how many cells are there in total?

A

Two

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

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26
Q

Each new cell has _______ chromosomes after mitosis.

A

10

Each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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27
Q

When this organism produces sperm cells, they have _______ chromosomes in each.

A

5

Sperm cells are haploid and contain half the number of chromosomes.

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28
Q

Why is mitosis important? List three reasons.

A
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Asexual reproduction

Mitosis is essential for organism development, healing injuries, and reproducing without sexual processes.

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29
Q

Define vegetative reproduction and give an example

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which new plants grow from parts of the parent plant.

Example: A potato sprouting from a tuber.

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30
Q

Define spore formation and give an example

A

A reproductive process where organisms produce spores that can develop into new individuals.

Example: Fungi and certain plants like ferns.

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31
Q

Define budding and give an example

A

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent.

Example: Yeast cells.

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32
Q

Define binary fission and give an example

A

A method of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical organisms.

Example: Bacteria.

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33
Q

Define fragmentation and give an example

A

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing into a new individual.

Example: Starfish.

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34
Q

What is the main similarity between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Both are types of cell division.

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35
Q

What is one key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically varied gametes.

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36
Q

Define zygote

A

A fertilized egg that results from the union of a sperm and an egg.

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37
Q

Define fertilization

A

The process by which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell.

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38
Q

What is the difference between a somatic cell and a gamete?

A

A somatic cell is a body cell, whereas a gamete is a sex cell.

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39
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

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40
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

It contributes to ecosystem resilience, provides resources for humans, and maintains ecological balance.

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41
Q

What is one advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It allows for rapid population increase.

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42
Q

What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It reduces genetic diversity.

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43
Q

What is one advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

It increases genetic variation.

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44
Q

What is one disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

It requires more time and energy to find a mate.

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45
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

A reproductive process that involves only one parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Asexual reproduction can occur through processes such as budding, fission, and vegetative propagation.

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46
Q

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It allows for rapid population growth and does not require a mate.

This can be beneficial in stable environments where adaptation to new conditions is not necessary.

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47
Q

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It reduces genetic diversity, making the population more vulnerable to changes in the environment.

Lack of genetic variation can lead to increased susceptibility to diseases.

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48
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

A reproductive process that involves two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic variation.

This process typically involves the fusion of male and female gametes.

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49
Q

What is the male part of the flower called?

A

Stamen

The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament.

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50
Q

What is the female part of the flower called?

A

Pistil

The pistil is made up of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.

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51
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of a flower.

Pollination is essential for fertilization and the production of seeds.

52
Q

Name some pollinators.

A

Bees, butterflies, birds, bats, and wind.

Pollinators play a crucial role in the reproduction of flowering plants.

53
Q

Why do some flowers have bright petals or strong scents?

A

To attract pollinators.

Bright colors and strong scents serve as signals to potential pollinators.

54
Q

How are flowers pollinated if petals are absent or if they do not produce a scent?

A

Through wind or water.

Some plants rely on abiotic factors for pollination instead of biotic ones.

55
Q

Describe some ways that pollen is spread.

A

By wind, water, insects, birds, and animals.

Each method of pollen dispersal has its own advantages based on the plant species and environment.

56
Q

What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

A

Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same flower fertilizes its ovules; cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one flower fertilizes the ovules of another flower.

Cross-pollination generally promotes genetic diversity.

57
Q

Does one type of pollination have an advantage over the other?

A

Yes, cross-pollination typically has the advantage of increasing genetic diversity.

Genetic diversity can enhance resilience to environmental changes.

58
Q

What is the independent variable in an experiment to test the effect of red light on plant growth?

A

The color of light (red light)

59
Q

What is the dependent variable in an experiment to test the effect of red light on plant growth?

A

Plant growth

60
Q

What is a control group in an experiment testing red light’s effect on plant growth?

A

Plants grown under normal light conditions

61
Q

What are the constants in an experiment to test the effect of red light on plant growth?

A

Soil type, water amount, plant type, temperature

62
Q

Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

63
Q

Where in the cell does cellular respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

Fill in the blank: The chemical equation for photosynthesis includes _______ as a reactant.

A

Carbon Dioxide

65
Q

Fill in the blank: The chemical equation for photosynthesis produces _______ as a product.

A

Oxygen

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The products of photosynthesis include glucose and _______.

A

Oxygen

67
Q

Are the cells described in the experiment plant or animal cells? How do you know?

A

Plant cells; they contain chloroplasts

68
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, Light

69
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose, Oxygen

70
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction.

71
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Products are the substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

72
Q

In an ecosystem, what is the ultimate source of energy?

A

The sun

73
Q

Define abiotic factors and give an example.

A

Non-living components of an ecosystem, e.g., water

74
Q

Define biotic factors and give an example.

A

Living components of an ecosystem, e.g., plants

75
Q

What do organisms that cannot use the sun’s energy directly do?

A

They rely on other organisms for energy.

76
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that produce their own food

77
Q

What organisms on Earth are considered autotrophs?

A

Plants, algae, and some bacteria

78
Q

Why are autotrophs called producers?

A

They produce organic compounds from inorganic sources.

79
Q

What is the process called when some autotrophs produce glucose in the absence of light?

A

Chemosynthesis

80
Q

Which organisms can carry out chemosynthesis?

A

Certain bacteria and archaea

81
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on others

82
Q

Why are heterotrophs called consumers?

A

They consume other organisms for energy.

83
Q

Define herbivore and give an example.

A

An organism that eats plants, e.g., deer

84
Q

Define carnivore and give an example.

A

An organism that eats other animals, e.g., lion

85
Q

Define omnivore and give an example.

A

An organism that eats both plants and animals, e.g., bear

86
Q

Define detritivore and give an example.

A

An organism that feeds on dead organic matter, e.g., earthworm

87
Q

Define decomposer and give an example.

A

An organism that breaks down dead material, e.g., fungi

88
Q

Can energy be recycled?

A

No, energy cannot be recycled; it flows through the ecosystem.

89
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A linear sequence of organisms where each is eaten by the next in the chain.

Example: Grass → Insects → Shrew → Cougar

90
Q

How is a food web different than a food chain?

A

A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains, showing how different organisms are related.

It illustrates multiple feeding relationships.

91
Q

In the food web, which organisms are herbivores?

A

Organisms that eat plants, such as deer and insects.

Herbivores are primary consumers.

92
Q

If all of the deer disappeared from the food web, what effect would that have on cougars?

A

Cougars would have less food available, potentially leading to population decline.

This may also impact other species in the ecosystem.

93
Q

If all of the deer disappeared from the food web, what effect would that have on the grass?

A

Grass populations may increase due to reduced herbivory.

This can lead to overgrowth and changes in the ecosystem.

94
Q

As you move up an energy pyramid, is there more or less energy available?

A

Less energy is available as you move up the energy pyramid.

Typically, only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next level.

95
Q

Describe the difference in the way that matter (nutrients) and energy move through an ecosystem.

A

Matter is recycled and reused, while energy flows in one direction and is lost as heat.

Nutrients circulate through biogeochemical cycles.

96
Q

What are the 5 spheres of Earth?

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Biosphere.
  3. Geosphere
  4. Hydrosphere
    1. Cryosphere

Each sphere represents different components of the Earth system.

97
Q

Fill in the blank: A food chain is a _______ sequence of organisms.

A

linear

98
Q

True or False: Energy is continuously recycled in an ecosystem.

A

False

99
Q

In the water cycle, where does water in a lake become groundwater?

A

Hydrosphere

This process illustrates the transition of water from a surface body to an underground reservoir.

100
Q

Where does water evaporate into the air in the water cycle?

A

Geosphere

This highlights the movement of water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere.

101
Q

In the water cycle, where do plants absorb water into their roots?

A

Hydrosphere

This process involves the uptake of water by plants from the soil.

102
Q

Where do humans breathe in oxygen in the water cycle?

A

Atmosphere

This indicates the exchange of gases between living organisms and their environment.

103
Q

Where do oil wells burn fossil fuels in the water cycle?

A

Geosphere

This process involves the combustion of carbon-rich resources extracted from the Earth.

104
Q

Where do rivers deposit sediment in the water cycle?

A

Geosphere

This highlights the role of rivers in shaping the land through sediment transport.

105
Q

Define evaporation in the water cycle.

A

The process where liquid water turns into vapor and enters the atmosphere.

This occurs due to heat from the sun.

106
Q

Define transpiration in the water cycle.

A

The process where water vapor is released from plants into the atmosphere.

This is part of the water cycle and contributes to humidity.

107
Q

Define condensation in the water cycle.

A

The process where water vapor cools and changes back into liquid droplets.

This is responsible for cloud formation.

108
Q

Define precipitation in the water cycle.

A

The process where water falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface in different forms.

Forms include rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

109
Q

What role does photosynthesis play in the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.

Plants convert CO2 into glucose using sunlight.

110
Q

What role does respiration play in the carbon cycle?

A

Respiration releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

This process occurs in living organisms during energy production.

111
Q

What other processes release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

A

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and volcanic eruptions.

These processes contribute to the carbon footprint.

112
Q

What are the primary reservoirs for carbon?

A
  • Atmosphere
  • Oceans
  • Soil
  • Fossil fuels
  • Living organisms

These reservoirs store carbon in various forms.

113
Q

What has contributed to the dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over the last 40 years?

A

Industrialization and increased fossil fuel consumption.

Human activities have significantly raised CO2 levels.

114
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The warming of the Earth’s surface due to trapped heat by greenhouse gases.

Increased CO2 levels enhance this effect.

115
Q

What is the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide on the greenhouse effect?

A

It intensifies the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming.

Higher CO2 levels correlate with rising global temperatures.

116
Q

Why is nitrogen needed by all living organisms?

A

Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

It is a critical component of amino acids and DNA.

117
Q

What percentage of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas?

A

78%

118
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of converting nitrogen gas into a form usable by living organisms

119
Q

Which organisms are able to perform nitrogen fixation?

A

Certain bacteria and archaea

120
Q

What happens to nitrates once available to plants?

A

They are absorbed and utilized for growth

121
Q

What are the four different types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle?

A
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  • Ammonifying bacteria
  • Nitrifying bacteria
  • Denitrifying bacteria
122
Q

What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

123
Q

What is the role of ammonifying bacteria?

A

Decompose organic matter, releasing ammonia

124
Q

What is the role of nitrifying bacteria?

A

Convert ammonia into nitrates

125
Q

What is the role of denitrifying bacteria?

A

Convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas

126
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

A non-native species that disrupts local ecosystems

127
Q

Give an example of an invasive species.

A

Zebra mussel

Science 9 (20 decks)

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