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Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of globalisation?

A

deepening and widening of global connections, interdependence and flows.

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2
Q

what types of globalisation are there?

A
  1. demographic globalisation
  2. economic globalisation
  3. cultural globalisation
  4. political globalisation
  5. environmental globalisation
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3
Q

what is an example of cultural globalisation?

A

118 countires have mcdonalds

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4
Q

what is an example of political globalisation?

A

The G8
- group of 8 countries making global decisions

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5
Q

what is environmental globalisation?

A

increasing prevalence of global environmental issues, eg. climate change
- countries have environmental issues caused by others

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6
Q

what is the shrinking world?

A
  • the world is becoming more and more connected
    -Pre-1800s- goods and info transported by ships and horses
    -1800s- goods and info transported by steam bats and trains
    -1900s- goods and info transported by air travel
    -Now- info transported by the internet
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7
Q

How did transport accelerate globalisation?

A

-Containerisation- standardisation of shipping containers in the 1960s making it easier and cheaper to transport goods.

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8
Q

How did TNC’s accelerate globalisation?

A

-TNCs have invested in others in other countries and built links between the places they manufacture and where they sell their goods
- statistics:
today: 63,000 parent companies and 690,000 subsidiaries

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9
Q

How has computers and internet technology accelerated globalisation?

A

manufacturing can be doe in diverse locations and can be coordinated easily from a central headquarters.
Has also created ‘the digital economy’
- estimated to be worth $1.5 trillion in 2015
-Massive companies take away profit from smaller businesses

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10
Q

How have international organisations accelerated globalisation?

A

-UN keep peace between trading companies
world bank provides loans for developing countries

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11
Q

What are proportional flow diagrams?

A

an arrow showing something going from somewhere to somewhere else.
The thicker the line the bigger proportion/number of the thing being researched

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12
Q

How have international organisations accelerate globalisation?

A

Trade relies trust and cooperation, and the global economy has rue and referees

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13
Q

How have new markets accelerate globalisation?

A

Companies invest in new markets in order to make profit
The success of investment and sales is reflected in global stock markets and share prices

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14
Q

When was the shipping container created?

A

1955

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15
Q

What was so special about the new shipping container?

A

Low maintenance- 20-30 crew
Made of metal- strong
Universal- can go on ships, lorries, planes, trains, etc
Leads to increased products being shipped
Always the same measurements- stackable

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16
Q

When was Easy Jet founded?

A

1995

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17
Q

How many aircrafts did Easy Jet have in 1995?

A

2

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18
Q

How many aircrafts did Easy Jet have by 2014?

A

200

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19
Q

How many passengers did Easy Jet have in 1995?

A

30,000

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20
Q

How many passengers did Easy Jet have by 2014?

A

65,000,000

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21
Q

What was Easy Jet’s revenue in 2014?

A

£4 billion

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22
Q

What was the cost to fly one way to Edinburgh with Easy Jet in 1995?

A

£29

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23
Q

What was the cost to fly to Estonia with Easy Jet in 2014?

A

£40

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24
Q

When were the first telegraph cables across the Atlantic put in?

A

1860s

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25
Q

What year was the first satellite launched?

A

1970s

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26
Q

When was the World Trade Organisation (WTO) set up?

A

1994

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27
Q

What does the WTO promote?

A

International commerce (details in trade)

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28
Q

When was the International Monetary Fund (IMF) set up?

A

After WW2 (1940s)

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29
Q

What is the IMFs primary purpose?

A

Ensure stability of the international monetary system, increasing living standards and alleviate poverty

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30
Q

When was the World Bank (WB) set up?

A

After WW2 (1940s)

31
Q

What does the WB provide?

A

Low interest loans to developing countries and advice to member states, acting as a bank

32
Q

Free-trade

A

A policy where a gov. does not interfere with imports or exports by applying tariffs, subsidies, or quotas

33
Q

Tariffs

A

A tax imposed on exports

34
Q

Trade bloc

A

A voluntary international organisation that exists for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security

35
Q

Advantages of trade blocs

A

Bigger markets but no extra taxes
National firms can merge to form transnational companies
Protection from foreign competitors and political stability

36
Q

Disadvantages of trade blocs

A

Loss of sovereignty
Interdependence

37
Q

Privatisation

A

Where a gov. owned company changes to a privately owned company. Therefore, ownership of a business, agency, service, property from the public, to the private.

38
Q

When did privatisation first occur?

A

1979

39
Q

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Often large areas of land set aside by a gov. in locations well placed for international trade

40
Q

Aim of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Companies can import raw material and export finished products

41
Q

Benefits of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Provides employment for locals, individuals pay taxes, technology transfer, domestic industries can work with/alongside the TNC. This overtime strengthens the domestic economy in the zone

42
Q

How many people moved and escaped poverty due to the Pearl River Delta?

A

300 million

43
Q

Date of China’s Open Door Policy

A

1978

44
Q

What was life like in China before its Open Door Policy?

A

China was a poor and politically isolated country, ‘switched off’ from global economy

45
Q

Number of people who migrated to cities after China’s Open Door Policy?

A

300 million

46
Q

Number of cities with a pop. of over 1 million after China’s Open Door Policy?

A

200

47
Q

Total pop. in the Pearl River Delta

A

120 million

48
Q

Nickname of the Pearl River Delta?

A

Workshop of the world

49
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
% of China’s GDP generated in SEZs in the 1990s

A

50%

50
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
Average wages in 2015

A

US$40 a day

51
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
TNCs located in the area

A

Foxconn in the Shenzhen SEZ and Apple

52
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
Number of people in China who have escaped poverty since 1978

A

400million

53
Q

Offshoring

A

Moving manufacturing to another country, normally for cheaper labour

54
Q

Glocalisation

A

Choosing to maximise profits by adapting tosuit the taste

55
Q

Outsourcing

A

Another company is paid to manufacture products for TNCs

56
Q

Examples of glocalisation

A

Disney
McDonalds

57
Q

Switched on

A

Places like nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the prosuction and consumption of goods and services

58
Q

Switched off

A

Places that are poorly connected

59
Q

Reasons why North Korea is switched off to globalisation

A

Citizens don’t have access to social media
There are no undersea data cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else
Dictatorship
Politically isolated

60
Q

KOF index

A

Measures the extent of which countries are socially, politically and economically linked
Measures globalisation in three main dimensions:
1. social globalisation- telephone traffic, tourism, etc
2. economic globalisation- trade and FDI
3. political globalisation- membership of international organisations and political cooperation

61
Q

Advantages of KOF index

A

Wide range of globalisation data avaliable
Allows comparisons between countries
Info freely avaliable

62
Q

Disadvantages of KOF index

A

Bias- smaller countries are over-represented
Illegal migrants not included

63
Q

AT Kearney

A

US management consultancy AT Kearney produces a Global Cities Index which uses measures of buisness activity, human capital, info exchange, cultural experiences and political enagement to rank cities in terms of the quantity and quality of their global connections

64
Q

Advantages of AT Kearney

A

Covers 96% of world’s GDP
Covers 84% of world’s pop.
Allows for comparison between countries
Allows for comparison over time

65
Q

Disadvantages of AT Kearny

A

Not all countries and cities are included
Does not consider any measurment of restriction on trade and capital

66
Q

‘Global shift’ in economic activity

A

Describes the international relocation of different industries, especially manufacturing

67
Q

Number of people who have escaped $1.25 a day poverty since 1990 in Asia

A

1 billion

68
Q

Number of people who have escaped poverty in China

A

500 million

69
Q

Average earnings per day in Asia

A

US$10-US$100

70
Q

Number of unis in China, India and Korea

A

2500

71
Q

% of forest loss in Togo and Nigeria

A

60%

72
Q

Employment number in China in 1978 vs 2000

A

1978- 400 million
2000- 700 million

73
Q

China’s FDI in 2002 vs 2006-2010

A

2002- $52.7 billion
2006-1010- $100 billion

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