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Gh Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define saturated hydrocarbons

A

Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only

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3
Q

Define unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Contains a C=C double bond

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4
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

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6
Q

Define general formula in organic chemistry

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series, e.g., CnH2n

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7
Q

What does a structural formula show?

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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8
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule

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9
Q

What shape does a saturated carbon atom have?

A

Tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5°

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10
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

Shows the simplified organic formula by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains

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11
Q

Define homologous series

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

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12
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms which causes different molecules to have similar chemical properties

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13
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

-ane

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14
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

-ene

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15
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

-ol

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16
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

A

-al

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17
Q

What is the suffix for ketones?

A

-one

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18
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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19
Q

What is the suffix for esters?

A

-yl -oate

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20
Q

What is the order of precedence for functional groups?

A

Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes

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21
Q

What is the general rule for naming carbon chains?

A

Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately

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22
Q

What are the codes for the number of carbons?

A
  • Meth: 1
  • Eth: 2
  • Prop: 3
  • But: 4
  • Pent: 5
  • Hex: 6
  • Hept: 7
  • Oct: 8
  • Non: 9
  • Dec: 10
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23
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structures

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24
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

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25
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different positions of the same functional group

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26
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different functional groups

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27
Q

What causes E-Z stereoisomerism?

A

Restricted rotation around the C=C double bond with different groups attached

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28
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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29
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Separation of components in a mixture based on boiling points

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30
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breakage of C-C bonds

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31
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes?

A
  • CO2
  • H2O
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32
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A
  • CO (toxic)
  • C (soot)
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33
Q

Is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

Yes, it can bind strongly with hemoglobin in red blood cells

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34
Q

True or False: Alkenes can exhibit E-Z stereoisomerism.

A

True

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35
Q

What is the reaction equation for methane and chlorine under UV light?

A

CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

This reaction involves a free radical substitution mechanism.

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36
Q

What is the overall reaction for the formation of carbon tetrachloride from methane?

A

CH4 + 4 Cl2 → CCl4 + 4 HCl

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37
Q

What do nitrogen oxides (NOx) form when they react in the atmosphere?

A

Acid rain and smog

NOx is produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures.

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38
Q

What are the main pollutants emitted from combustion?

A
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Unburnt hydrocarbons
  • Soot/particulates
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39
Q

What is the role of catalytic converters?

A

To convert CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons into CO2, N2, and H2O

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40
Q

What is the definition of a free radical?

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron

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41
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

A process where each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

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42
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

A process where one atom gets both electrons from the covalent bond

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43
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

44
Q

What are the conditions required for the hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

Nickel catalyst and room temperature

45
Q

What is the electrophilic addition reaction of alkenes with bromine?

A

Alkene → dihalogenoalkane

This reaction occurs in the presence of bromine dissolved in an organic solvent.

46
Q

What is the mechanism of the reaction of alkenes with HCl or HBr?

A

Electrophilic Addition

47
Q

What is the observation when potassium manganate(VII) is used in an oxidation reaction with alkenes?

A

The purple color of MnO4- ion will decolourise to colourless

48
Q

What are the advantages of using biofuels?

A
  • Renewable resource
  • Reduction of fossil fuel use
  • More carbon-neutral than fossil fuels
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of using biofuels?

A
  • Less food crops may be grown
  • Rainforests may be cut down
  • Shortage of fertile soils
50
Q

What is the environmental consequence of carbon dioxide emissions?

A

Contributes towards global warming

51
Q

Fill in the blank: The reaction of alkenes with hydrogen is an example of _______.

A

Addition/Reduction

52
Q

True or False: Carbon monoxide is odourless and highly toxic.

A

True

53
Q

What is the main product formed when alkanes react with chlorine in the presence of UV light?

A

Chloromethane (CH3Cl)

54
Q

What is the overall reaction for the formation of CFCl3 from CH3F and Cl2?

A

CH3F + 3 Cl2 → CFCl3 + 3 HCl

55
Q

What is the main consequence of sulfur oxides emissions from power stations?

A

Formation of acid rain

56
Q

What are the steps in the free radical substitution mechanism?

A
  • Initiation
  • Propagation
  • Termination
57
Q

What is the first step in the free radical substitution mechanism involving chlorine?

A

Cl2 → 2Cl•

58
Q

What type of reaction occurs when alkenes react with potassium manganate(VII)?

A

Oxidation

59
Q

How do free radicals affect the stability of carbocation intermediates?

A

More stable carbocations have electron-releasing groups that stabilize the positive charge

60
Q

What is the change in functional group when an alkene is oxidized with KMnO4?

A

alkene → diol

This reaction occurs under room temperature conditions.

61
Q

What observation indicates the presence of an alkene when using KMnO4?

A

The purple colour of MnO4- ion will decolourise to colourless.

62
Q

What type of reaction occurs when bromine is added to alkenes?

A

Addition

The orange colour of bromine water will decolourise to colourless.

63
Q

What are the essential conditions for the hydration of alkenes to form alcohols?

A

High temperature (300 to 600°C), high pressure (70 atm), catalyst of concentrated H3PO4.

64
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The process where addition polymers are formed from alkenes.

65
Q

What is the repeating unit in poly(ethene)?

A

C2H4

Poly(ethene) is used to make plastic bags, buckets, and bottles.

66
Q

What is one method for disposing of waste polymers?

A

Incineration

This method produces energy, but can release toxins.

67
Q

What is the impact of recycling polymers?

A

Saves raw materials and reduces waste.

Polymers can only be recycled into the same type.

68
Q

What is the main difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes?

A

The number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen.

69
Q

What is the mechanism used in nucleophilic substitution reactions involving halogenoalkanes?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

Nucleophiles have a lone pair and act as electron pair donors.

70
Q

What factor affects the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions?

A

The strength of the C-X bond.

Weaker bonds facilitate faster reactions.

71
Q

What is hydrolysis in the context of halogenoalkanes?

A

The splitting of a halogenoalkane molecule by a reaction with water.

72
Q

What precipitate forms when iodoalkanes react with aqueous silver nitrate?

A

AgI (s) - yellow precipitate.

73
Q

What change in functional group occurs when halogenoalkanes react with ammonia?

A

halogenoalkane → amine.

74
Q

What is the role of potassium hydroxide in the elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes?

A

Base.

75
Q

What type of reaction occurs with aqueous hydroxide ions?

A

Nucleophilic substitution.

76
Q

What is the difference in products when using alcoholic vs aqueous conditions with halogenoalkanes?

A

Alcoholic conditions favor elimination; aqueous conditions favor substitution.

77
Q

What are some common uses of halogenoalkanes?

A
  • Refrigerants
  • Fire retardants
  • Pesticides
  • Aerosol propellants.
78
Q

What happens to the reactivity of halogenoalkanes from iodoalkanes to fluoroalkanes?

A

Iodoalkanes are the fastest to substitute; fluoroalkanes are the slowest.

79
Q

What is the main environmental concern regarding the use of chloroalkanes and chlorofluoroalkanes?

A

Their toxicity.

80
Q

What effect does the structure of halogenoalkanes have on substitution and elimination reactions?

A

Primary tends towards substitution, tertiary tends towards elimination.

81
Q

List some common uses of halogenoalkanes.

A
  • Refrigerants
  • Fire retardants
  • Pesticides
  • Aerosol propellants
  • Solvents
82
Q

What are the consequences of using halogenoalkanes?

A

Their use has been stopped due to toxicity and detrimental effects on the ozone layer.

83
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

C_nH_(2n+1)OH

84
Q

How are alcohols named?

A

Alcohols end with -ol, and the position of the -OH group is indicated with a number.

85
Q

What are the prefixes used for alcohols with multiple -OH groups?

A
  • Di for two
  • Tri for three
86
Q

What is the bond angle in alcohols with a tetrahedral shape?

A

109.5 degrees.

87
Q

What is the bond angle for the H-O-C bond in alcohols?

A

104.5 degrees.

88
Q

Define primary alcohols.

A

Alcohols where 1 carbon is attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.

89
Q

Define secondary alcohols.

A

Alcohols where 2 carbons are attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.

90
Q

Define tertiary alcohols.

A

Alcohols where 3 carbons are attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.

91
Q

What is the reaction equation for the combustion of alcohols?

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O.

92
Q

What observations indicate a reaction of alcohols with sodium?

A
  • Effervescence
  • Mixture gets hot
  • Sodium dissolves
  • White solid produced
93
Q

What reagents can be used for the substitution of the -OH group in alcohols?

A
  • PCl5
  • PCl3
  • Conc HCl
  • SOCl2
  • Mixture of NaCl + H2SO4
94
Q

What is the product of the reaction of primary alcohols with potassium dichromate?

A

Aldehydes.

95
Q

What type of alcohols can be oxidized by potassium dichromate?

A

Primary and secondary alcohols.

96
Q

What is the observation when potassium dichromate is reduced?

A

The orange dichromate ion (Cr2O7^2-) reduces to the green Cr^3+ ion.

97
Q

What is the ending for ketones?

A

-one.

98
Q

What is Fehling’s solution used for?

A

To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

99
Q

What happens to the color of Fehling’s solution when aldehydes are present?

A

Blue Cu^2+ ions change to a red precipitate of Cu2O.

100
Q

What is the role of concentrated phosphoric acid in the dehydration of alcohols?

A

It acts as a dehydrating agent/catalyst.

101
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

The removal of a water molecule from a molecule.

102
Q

What is the purpose of reflux in organic reactions?

A

To heat organic reaction mixtures for long periods while preventing organic vapors from escaping.

103
Q

What should never be done with the end of a condenser during reflux?

A

Never seal the end to prevent gas pressure buildup.

104
Q

What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules in distillation and reflux?

A

To prevent vigorous, uneven boiling.

105
Q

How can the purity of a liquid be determined?

A

By measuring its boiling point.

106
Q

What is the significance of measuring boiling point in relation to pressure?

A

Changing pressure can change the boiling point of a liquid.

A Level Chemistry (17 decks)

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