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Ellie Owen > geography paper one > Flashcards

geography paper one Flashcards

1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

a threat to people or property

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2
Q

what are the two types of natural hazards?

A

-geological
-meteorological

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3
Q

what is a geological hazard?

A

caused by land and tectonic processes
they include volcanoes and earthquakes

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4
Q

what is a meteorological hazard?

A

caused by weather and climate
they include tropical storms and extreme weather

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5
Q

what are the primary effects of a natural hazard?

A

the immediate impacts caused by the hazard

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6
Q

what are the secondary effects of a natural hazard?

A

they happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects

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7
Q

what is an example of a primary effect?

A

-buildings and roads destroyed
-people are injured or killed
-crops and water supplies damaged or contaminated
-electricity cables, gas pipes and communication networks damaged

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8
Q

what are some examples of secondary effects?

A

-the initial hazard can cause other hazards
-aid and emergency vehicles cant get through because of blocked roads of bridges
-a shortage of clean water, food or proper sanitation can make it easier for disease to spread and people to starve
-country’s economy can be weakened - unemployment and reconstruction

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9
Q

what are some examples of immediate responses?

A

-evacuate people
-treat the injured and rescue anyone
-recover dead bodies to prevent disease spreading
-provide temporary supplies of electricity and gas
-provide food and shelter to people without homes

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10
Q

what are some examples of long - term responses?

A

-repair homes or rehouse people
-reconnect broken electricity, water ,gas and communication connections
-improve building regulations
-improve forecasting, monitoring and evacuation plans
-boost economy recovery

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11
Q

what are the different types of plate margins?

A

-destructive
-constructive
-conservative

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12
Q

what is a destructive plate margin?

A

when two plates are moving toward each other

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13
Q

what happens at a destructive plate margin when a continental plate and an oceanic plate meet?

A

the denser oceanic plate is subducted and destroyed.
volcanoes and ocean trenches occur here

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14
Q

what happens when two continental plates meet at at a destructive plate margin?

A

the ground is folded upwards, creating fold mountains

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15
Q

what happens at a constructive plate margin?

A

two plates are moving away from each other. magma rises from the from the mantle to fill the gap and cools, creating a new crust

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16
Q

what happens at a conservative plate margin?

A

two plates are moving sideways past each other, or are moving in the same direction but are moving at different speeds

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17
Q

why do tectonic plates move?

A

because of convection currents

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18
Q

what are he 2 types of earth crust?

A

-continental is thicker
-oceanic is thinner

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19
Q

what plate margins do volcanoes occur at?

A

destructive and constructive

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20
Q

what plate margins do earthquakes occur at?

A

all three types

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21
Q

how are earthquakes caused at destructive margins?

A

tension builds up when one plate gets stuck as it moves past the other

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22
Q

how do earthquakes occur at constructive margins?

A

tension builds up along cracks in the plates as they move away from each other

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23
Q

how do earthquakes occur at conservative plate margins?

A

tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck

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24
Q

what is the focus of an earthquake?

A

the point underground where the earthquake occurs

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25
Q

what is the epicentre?

A

the point where the earthquake hits the surface

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26
Q

why do some people stay in area of high risk natural hazard areas?

A

-they have lived their for a long time
-monitoring can give warning and allow people to evacuate
-some people cant afford to move
-volcanoes are tourist attractions so people live nearby

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27
Q

how can monitoring reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

earthquakes- seisometers monitor earth’s movement

volcanoes-scientists can monitor the signs that come before an earthquake such as escaping gas and changes of shape

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28
Q

what plans can be made to reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

A

-avoid high risk areas
-emergency services can prepare
-people can be educated so they know what to do in a hazard
-governments can plan evacuation routes
-emergency supplies can be stockpiled

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29
Q

what is global atmospheric circulation?

A

the transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air

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30
Q

where are hadley cells found?

A

near the equator

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31
Q

where are polar cells found?

A

near the poles

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32
Q

what conditions are needed for tropical storms to develop?

A

-sea temperature 27 degrees Celsius or higher
-pre-existing disturbance
-thunderstorm activity

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33
Q

what are the conditions in the eye of a storm?

A

-very low pressure
-light winds
-no clouds
-no rain
-high temperature

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34
Q

what is a storm surge?

A

a temporary rise in water level caused by wind pushing waves onshore

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35
Q

what were the primary effects of typhoon haiyan?

A

-8000 people killed
-over 1 million homes severely damaged or destroyed
-1.9 million people homeless
- lack of supplies

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36
Q

what were the secondary effects of typhoon haiyan?

A

-flooding triggered landslides
-5.6 million workers lost their jobs
-lack of clean water caused an outbreak of disease

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37
Q

what were the immediate response of typhoon haiyan?

A

-broadcast warnings about the typhoon 2 days before
-fishermen warned not to go to sea
-declared a state of emergency

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38
Q

what were the long - term responses to typhoon haiyan?

A

-appealed for a fund to help rebuild
-built new storm resistant homes
-encouraged tourists to visit after storm

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39
Q

how does climate change effect the frequency of climate change?

A

oceans will stay at right temperatures for longer of the year=a longer time for tropical storms to form

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40
Q

how does climate change effect the intensity of tropical storms?

A

higher sea surface results in more evaporation and energy absorbed by storms = storms become more powerful

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41
Q

how does climate change effect the distribution of tropical storms?

A

more of the world’s oceans could be at the right temperatures

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42
Q

what methods have be used to reduce the effects of flooding in somerset?

A

-warning systems to warn people of the floods
-pumping stations
-dredging of the rivers
-widening the river
-tidal barrage

43
Q

what is a glacial and how long does it last?

A

a colder period that lasts around 100,000 years

44
Q

what is an interglacial an dhow long doe sit last?

A

a warmer period that lasts around 10,000 years

45
Q

how are we living in an ice age?

A

we have permanent ice

46
Q

how can we know what the earth’s atmosphere was like millions of years ago?

A

-ice cores-scientists drill into ice sheets and analyse the gases trapped in the cores
-sediment cores-the remains of organisms found in cores taken from ocean sediments can be analysed
-tree rings-as a tree grows it forms a new ring each year and if that ring is thicker the climate was warm and wet but if it is thinner the climate was cold and dry

47
Q

what are 3 natural factors that cause climate change?

A

-orbital changes/milankovic cycles
-volcanic activity
-solar activity

48
Q

what are orbital changes and how do they affect our climate?

A

the earth can tilt or wobble and this changes this distance from the sun

49
Q

how does volcanic activity affect our climate?

A

-ash can block out the sun
-droplets act like mirrors and reflect radiation from the sun

50
Q

what are sun spots ?

A

a dark patch that appears from time to time on the surface of the sun

51
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

all the biotic parts and abiotic parts of an area

52
Q

what is a producer?

A

produces their own energy from the sun through photosynthesis

53
Q

what is a consumer?

A

gets it’s energy by eating other organisms
they can eat producers

54
Q

what is a decomposer?

A

an organism that gets it’s energy by breaking down dead material e.g. leaves

55
Q

what is a nutrient cycle?

A

it shows how nutrients move through an ecosystem

56
Q

what do food chains and webs show?

A

shows what organisms eat

57
Q

what is the climate in tropical rainforests?

A

-the same all year around
-hot because the suns energy is more intense near the equator
-rainfall is very high

58
Q

do people live in tropical rainforests?

A

-many indigenous people have adapted to life there

59
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety of organisms living in a particular area-both plants and animals

60
Q

what is the biodiversity like in tropical rainforests?

A

rainforests have extremely high biodiversity

61
Q

what effect does deforestation have on rainforests ecosystem?

A

trees usually intercept water absorb it and release it back into the atmosphere but deforestation can increase droughts.

62
Q

what are the reasons for the deforestation of the amazon?

A

-commercial farming
-subsistence farming
-commercial logging
-commercial logging
-mineral extraction
-population growth
-road building

63
Q

why is the amazon cut down for commercial farming?

A

forest is cleared to make space for cattle grazing or for huge plantations

64
Q

why is the amazon cut down for subsistence farming?

A

forest is cleared by small-scale farmers who need food for them and their families

65
Q

why is the amazon cut down for commercial logging?

A

the amazon is full of valuable trees which makes logging extremely popular

66
Q

what are the three impacts that deforestation?

A

-climate change
-economic
-soil erosion

67
Q

how does change affect ecosystems?

A

a single change to one of the components in an ecosystem can have a knock on effect for the rest of the ecosystem

68
Q

what is meant by the rainforest being dependent?

A

the components of the rainforest are independent because they rely on each other to survive

69
Q

what is the definition of deforestation?

A

the clearing of a forest on a large scale

70
Q

what are some positive impacts of deforestation?

A

-new roads + airports
-access to raw materials
-hospitals + education improved
-improved infrastructure

71
Q

what are the local impacts of deforesation?

A

-decline of indigenous
-river pollution

72
Q

what are the global impacts of deforestation?

A

-global warming
-loss of biodiversity

73
Q

what does sustainable management mean?

A

using the rainforest in such a way that is still available for the benefit for people in the future

74
Q

what are strategies of sustainable management?

A

-ecotourism
-international agreements

75
Q

what is ecotourism?

A

benefits local communities and protects environment for future, government and local communities are gaining from not cutting down trees

76
Q

what is international agreement?

A

made to educate manufactures, forest stewardship council promotes sustainable forestry

77
Q

what is the ground level of the rainforest like?

A

-receives little light
-hot
-wet
-conditions cause rapid decomposition

78
Q

what is the shrub layer of the amazon rainforest like?

A

consists of tree saplings and shade-tolerant ferns

79
Q

what is the under canopy of the amazon rainforest look like?

A

-receives about 5% of the forest’s sunlight
- hot
-damp
-shaded from wind

80
Q

what is the canopy level of the rainforest like?

A

-grows to around 20-40m
- abundance of life
-compete for sunlight

81
Q

what is the emergent layer of the rainforest like?

A

-grow over 50m tall
-can withstand winds
-high temps

82
Q

what is land like south+east of the tees-exe line?

A

made of soft rocks creating low land

83
Q

what does a long profile of a river show

A

shows the river gradient from source to mouth

84
Q

what does the cross profile of a river show?

A

shows a snapshot of a part of the river from one bank to another

85
Q

how does a river transport its load?

A

-traction
-saltation
-suspension
-solution

86
Q

what is traction?

A

rolling

87
Q

what is saltation?

A

bouncing

88
Q

what is suspension?

A

floating

89
Q

what is solution (transport)?

A

floating chemicals

90
Q

how does a river erode its load?

A

-hydraulic action
-abrasion
-attrition
-solution

91
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

forces weaken banks

92
Q

what is abrasion?

A

river wears down bed

93
Q

what is attrition?

A

load smashes together and breaks

94
Q

what is solution(erosion)?

A

particles dissolved into river

95
Q

what are natural causes of flooding?

A

-heavy rainfall
-rock types
-steep slopes-rocks falling into river

96
Q

what are human cause of flooding?

A

-bad river management
-urbanisation
-deforestation
-agriculture

97
Q

what are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

A

-strong swash
-weak backwash
-builds up beach

98
Q

what are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A

-weak swash
-strong backwash
-washes away beach

99
Q

what is a discordant coastline?

A

different rock types next to each other

100
Q

what are gabions and their benefits and costs?

A

-rock filled wire cages that support a cliff and provide a buffer
-cheap, effective as soon as built
-unattractive, cages rust ,high maintenance

101
Q

what are groynes and what are their benefits and costs?

A

-rock or timber structures built at right angles to the sea
-create a wider beach ,good for tourism
-interrupt longshore drift, unnatural and can look ugly

102
Q

what is dune regeneration and what are the costs and benefits?

A

-marram grass is planted to stabilise the dunes
-maintains a natural environment
-takes time to be effective

103
Q

what is managed retreat and what are the costs and benefits?

A

-allow land to flood to create a barrier
-land of higher value protected
-people living here have to move inland

Ellie Owen (31 decks)

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