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BIOLOGY > Genetics Quiz > Flashcards

Genetics Quiz Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens during Interphase of Meiosis I?

A

DNA is replicated during S phase.

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2
Q

What occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I?

A

Chromosomes appear in condensed form.

Homologous chromosomes pair up forming tetrads, and crossing over can take place creating genetic variation.

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3
Q

What is the arrangement of tetrads during Metaphase I?

A

Tetrads line up on the equator.

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4
Q

What happens during Anaphase I?

A

Spindle fibers contract and pull homologous chromosomes apart, pulling them to different poles.

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5
Q

What occurs in Telophase I?

A

Each chromosome may not be identical due to crossing over.

The nuclear membrane reappears and chromosomes uncoil into chromatin.

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6
Q

What is the result of Cytokinesis I?

A

A cleavage furrow forms, dividing the cytoplasm and producing 2 cells, each with haploid (n) chromosome numbers.

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7
Q

How does Meiosis II differ from Mitosis?

A

Meiosis II is identical to mitosis except no replication of DNA takes place before this division.

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8
Q

What happens during Prophase II?

A

Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere of each chromosome, and the nuclear membrane dissolves.

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9
Q

What occurs in Metaphase II?

A

Individual chromosomes line up on the equator, and spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome.

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10
Q

What is the process in Anaphase II?

A

Spindle fibers contract and pull sister chromatids to opposite poles.

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11
Q

What happens during Telophase II?

A

The nuclear membrane reappears (composed of chromatids), chromosomes unravel into tangled chromatids, and spindle fibers disappear.

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12
Q

What occurs in Cytokinesis II?

A

A cleavage furrow forms, producing 2 separate cells, each with the haploid number. From 1 mother cell, 4 haploid cells are produced.

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13
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Cells divide due to the maximum growth theory, where the surface to volume ratio becomes insufficient for the cell’s functions.

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14
Q

What is Contact Inhibition?

A

Contact inhibition is when neighboring cells tell a cell to divide using protein messages.

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15
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

DNA is made up of 4 chemicals: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.

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16
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes in total (23 pairs).

17
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is structured as a double helix, which is a ladder twisted in a clockwise direction.

18
Q

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

A

Cytosine bonds with guanine, and adenine always bonds with thymine.

19
Q

What is the most basic unit of DNA?

A

The most basic unit of DNA is a nucleotide, which is made of one of the bases, sugar, and a phosphate group.

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a portion of DNA that contains specific information which codes for particular proteins.

21
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin refers to fibers of DNA in its uncondensed form.

22
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA, on which a gene occupies a specific location.

23
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in multicellular organisms?

A

Somatic (body) cells and reproductive (sex) cells.

24
Q

What is the chromosome number in somatic cells?

A

Somatic cells contain 2 sets, or diploid number (2n) of chromosomes.

25
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Matched pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape and code for the same traits.

26
Q

How do homologous pairs of chromosomes form?

A

Each parent contributes 1 chromosome to a homologous pair.

27
Q

What are sex cells also known as?

A

Sex cells are also known as gametes.

28
Q

What is the chromosome number in sex cells?

A

Sex cells contain a single set or haploid number (n) of chromosomes.

29
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have from each pair?

A

They only have one chromosome from each pair.

30
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Meiosis occurs in sex organs only.

31
Q

What are the sex chromosome combinations for males and females?

A

Males have XY and females have XX.

32
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

Meiosis reduces chromosomal content by half, and the union of the sex cells restores the diploid number.

33
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is a fertilized egg.

34
Q

What is an embryo?

A

An organism in the early stage of development.

35
Q

What is the haploid number?

A

Gametes have half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells.

36
Q

What is synapsis?

A

Two homologous chromosomes twist together
Increase of genetic variation in sex cells (gametes)

37
Q

Chiasma

A

A structure formed between a pair of homologous chromosomes by crossing

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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