Genetics

Question 1

True-breeding/homozygous

Answer 1

individuals that have same alleles for gene

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Different versions of DNA sequence at a given genomic location

Question 3

Heterozygous

Answer 3

individuals that have 2 different alles for a gene

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

total set of alleles that an individual has

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

expression pattern of alleles

Question 6

Mutually exclusive

Answer 6

Both events cannot happen at the same time

Question 7

Independent events

Answer 7

knowing one event occured does not change probability of other event

Question 8

Rule of addition

Answer 8

for 2 mutually exclusive events, probability of either event occuring is sume of individual probabilities

Question 9

Rule of multiplication/ Product rule

Answer 9

probability of 2 independent events both occurs is product of individual probabilites

Question 10

Pleiotrophy

Answer 10

single gene affects more than one trait, allel has more than 1 effect on phenotype

Question 11

Incomplete dominance

Answer 11

heterzygote is intermediate, white flower + red flower produce pink flower

Question 12

Codominance

Answer 12

no single allele is dominant, heterozygote shows aspect of both homozygotes. Calico cat

Question 13

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 13

production of different phenotypes for same genotype due to environmental conditions

Question 14

Continuous variation

Answer 14

Variation in trait occurs along continuum, ex: height. Occurs when trait is determined by >1 genes

Question 15

Epistasis

Answer 15

interaction of genes that are not alleles, where one modifies phenotypic expression of other. ex: suppression of the effect of one such gene by another.

Question 16

SRY gene

Answer 16

encodes protein involved in primary sex determination, if SRY protein is present embryo develops testes

Question 17

Dosage compensation

Answer 17

One X chromosome in females is inactivated early in embryonic development, ensures equal level of expression from sex chromosomes in males and females

Question 18

Maternal inheritance

Answer 18

uniparental inheritance from mother, males and females are equally affected. Organelles usually inherited from mother

Question 19

Epigenetic inheritance

Answer 19

cell-to-cell and organism-to-organism inheritance of trait that doesn’t involve alterations to DNA, mediated by changes in chromatin structure that dont alter DNA itself

Question 20

Epigenetic change

Answer 20

mitotically and/or meiotically stbale change in gene function that doesnt involve change in DNA sequence

Question 21

Recombinant gametes

Answer 21

formed by recombining parental alleles, created through crossing over

Question 22

Linked genes

Answer 22

Genes that are close together on same chromosome, typically transmitted as a unit

Question 23

Locus

Answer 23

specific position on chromosome where particular gene is located

Question 24

Pedigree

Answer 24

Squares are male
Circles are female
Colored are affected by trait

Question 25

Coding strand

Answer 25

strand of DNA not used as template in transcription

Question 26

Template strand

Answer 26

strand that is copied in transcription

Question 27

Independent assortment

Answer 27

caused by random assortment of homologous chromosomes