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General Review Flashcards

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0
Q

Hydra and Jellyfish

A

Cnidarians

Radial symm
Body plan: polyp (sessile) and medusa (motile)
Life cycle: planula larva>asexually reproducing polyp>sexually reproducing medusa
Two cell layers
Gastrovacular cavity/lysosomes
No transport system
Stinging cells -cnidocytes

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1
Q

Sponges

A

Porifera

No symmetry 
Sessile
Two cell layers
No tissues/organs
Reproduce by fragmentation and are hermaphrodites
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2
Q

Flatworms (including Tapeworms)

A

Platyhelminthes

Bilateral symm
Three cell layers
Food can’t be processed continuously
No digestive or respiratory systems - survive thru diffusion

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3
Q

Roundworms

A

Nematodes

Bilateral symm
Parasitic
C. Elegans is used as a model for genes and embryonic development

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4
Q

Segmented worms

A

Annelids

Bilateral symm
Digestive tract: crop, gizzard, and intestine
Nephridia excretion of nitrogen waste
Closed circulatory system
Blood has hemoglobin
Diffusion of oxygen and co2 thru moist skin
Hermaphrodites

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5
Q

Squids, octopus, slugs, clams, snails

A

Mollusks

Soft body
Open circulatory system
Bilateral symm, body zones: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle
Radula
Gills and nephridia
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6
Q

Insecta, crustacea, Arachnida

A

Arthopods

Jointed appendages
Body segments
Sensory apparatus
Chitinous exoskeleton
Open circulatory system
Malpighian tubules 
Trachea
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7
Q

Sea stars and sea urchins

A

Echinoderms

Sessile
Bilateral>radial
Water vascular system
Sexual rep/fragmentation & regeneration
Endoskeleton of calcium
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8
Q

Fish amphibians reptile bird mammal

A

Chordates

Notochord
Dorsal
Tail
Homeo/endotherms

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9
Q

Mammals

A 
Chordata
Nourish babies with milk
Hair/fur
Endothermic
Placental
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10
Q

Antheridium

A

Develops on gametophyte; structure that produces sperm

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11
Q

Archegonium

A

Develops on the gametophyte; structure that produces eggs

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12
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid adult plant

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13
Q

Megaspore

A

Produced by large female cones and will develop into female gametophytes

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14
Q

Microspore

A

Made by small male cones and will develop into make gametophytes/pollen grains

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15
Q

Protonema

A

Branching, one-celled-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores

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16
Q

Sporangia

A

Located at the tip of the mature sporophyte, where meiosis occurs, producing haploid spores

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17
Q

Sori

A

Raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns

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18
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid adult plant

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19
Q

Blood type A & B

A

Each has corresponding antigen on surface. Antibodies are against each other : a vs b

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20
Q

O & AB

A

No antigens present on surface for O; A&B antigens on surface

O has antibodies vs both a and b
AB has none

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21
Q

First line of defense (immune system)

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Stomach acid

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22
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Inflammatory: release of histamine and rise of body temp
Phagocytes: macrophages that extend pseudopods
Interferons: chemicals released

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23
Q

3rd line of defense

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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24
Q

Karl Von Frisch

A

Studied the waggle dance in bees

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25
Q

Konrad lorenz

A

He studied imprinting

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26
Q

Epiphytes

A

Photosynthetic plants that grow on trees rather than supporting themselves

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27
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Harmless animal pretending to be a poisonous one

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28
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two dangerous animals pretending to be each other

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29
Q

Result of decomposers action

A

Decrease in oxygen

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30
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Live in the roots of legumes

They make ammonia

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31
Q

Fission

A

Separation of organism into two new cells

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32
Q

Budding

A

Splitting off of individuals from existing ones

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33
Q

Fragmentation

A

Single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals

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34
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an egg w/o fertilization

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35
Q

Testes

A

Site of sperm formation

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36
Q

Vas deferens

A

Duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from epididymis to penis

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37
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes semen in urethra

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38
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds testes, cools temperature which allows sperm to survive

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39
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries semen and urine

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40
Q

Ovary

A

Meiosis occurs here and the secondary oocyte forms prior to birth

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41
Q

Oviduct/Fallopian tube

A

Fertilization occurs here. After its fertilized the egg moved through the oviduct to the uterus

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42
Q

Uterus

A

Where the embryo will develop

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43
Q

Vagina

A

The birth canal

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44
Q

Cervix

A

Mouth of uterus

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45
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus

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46
Q

Chorion

A

Allows for diffusion of respiratory gases b/w outside environment and inside the cell

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47
Q

Yolk sac

A

Enclosed yolk (food) for embryo

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48
Q

Amnion

A

Enclosed embryo

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49
Q

Allantois

A

Conduit for respiratory gases to and from embryo. Nitrogenous waste uric acid develops here until baby hatches. It’s the bird version of a placenta.

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50
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organs

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51
Q

Pith

A

Part of a plant for storage

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52
Q

Cambium

A

Layer of actively dividing cells, responsible for secondary growth of roots and stems

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53
Q

Cortex of a plant

A

Outer layer of a stem or root in a plant

54
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor

55
Q

Divergent evolution

A

One population that gets separated somehow and evolves into another species due to different circumstances

56
Q

Eutrophication

A

Increase of nutrients in lakes make stuff die

57
Q

Acid rain

A

Causes by increases of nitrogen and sulfur in the air

58
Q

Global warming

A

Due to increase of CO2 in the air

59
Q

Depletion of the ozone layer

A

Due to accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons

Causes increase of UV light

60
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates blood levels through release of insulin and glucagon

61
Q

Chromosomal aberrations: deletion

A

Fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division

62
Q

Chromosomal aberrations: inversion

A

Chromosomal fragment reattached to its original chromosome but in inverse orientation

63
Q

Chromosomal aberrations: Translocation

A

Fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to no homologous chromosome

64
Q

Chromosomal aberrations: polyploidy

A

Cell/organism has extra sets of chromosomes

65
Q

Chromosomal aberrations: non disjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes can’t separate during meiosis

66
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Autosomal recessive

Cannot break down phenylalanine. No elimination from phenylalanine will result in severe mental retardation.

67
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive
Most common lethal genetic disease
Buildup of extra cellular fluid in lungs

68
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Autosomal recessive
Onset early in life due to lack of enzyme needed to break down lipids necessary for normal brain function. Results is seizures, blindness, &early death

69
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

Autosomal dominant

Degenerate disease of the NS resulting in early death. Happens during middle age

70
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex-linked recessive

Caused by absence of proteins needed for blood clotting

71
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

Facial features, mental retardation, prone to Alzheimer’s and leukemia

72
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Male w/ extra X chromosome

73
Q

Conjugation

A

Primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material.

74
Q

Stomach

A

Digests protein using pepsinogen

pH: 2-3

75
Q

Small intestine

A

Digestion is completed here and nutrients are absorbed here. Peptidases: trypsin and chymotrypsin
Nucleases
Lipases

76
Q

Capillary

A

Absorb amino acids, vitamins, and monosaccharides directly into blood stream

77
Q

Lacteal

A

Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into lymphatic system

78
Q

Liver

A

Makes bike that emulsifies fats and sends it to the gall bladder

79
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bike

80
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes peptidase into small intestine

81
Q

Large intestine/Colin

A

No digestion

Egestion, vitamin production, & reabsorption of h2o

82
Q

Mechanism of blood clotting

A 
Damaged tissue and platelets release:
Thromboplastin + Ca++
stimulates
Prothrombin(inactive)>thrombin(active)
Stimulates
Fibrinogen(inactive)>fibrin
83
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

84
Q

Systolic

A

Contracting measure

85
Q

Diastolic

A

Resting measure

86
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulates other glands to release hormones

87
Q

Anterior pituitary

A 
Growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone
88
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Ocytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands

ADH

89
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroxin: controls metabolic rate
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels

90
Q

Parathyroid

A

Parathormone: raises blood calcium levels

91
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids: raises blood sugar levels

92
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

Non epinephrine

93
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin: lowers blood glucose
Glucagon: raises blood glucose

94
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosin: stimulates t lymphocyte

95
Q

Pineal

A

Melatonin

96
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

97
Q

Testes

A

Androgens

98
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

On top of stomach

99
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Cholesterol production
Recycling of RBCs
Bile production
Site of deamination of amino acids

100
Q

Functions of the colon

A

Egestion of un digested food
Reabsorption of excess h2O
Vitamin production

101
Q

Blood flow

A
  1. Vena cava
  2. right Atrium
  3. RightAV valve/tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle -Pulmonary/semilunar valve
  5. Pulmonary artery
  6. Lungs
  7. Pulmonary vein
  8. leftatrium
  9. Left tricuspid/ AV valve
  10. Left ventricle
  11. Aortic semilunar valve
  12. Aorta
    1: 3 body
102
Q

Cornea

A

Covering that protects the eye and allows light to pass thru

103
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Goes inside of cell

104
Q

Protein hormones

A

Attach to protein receptor on plasma membrane and starts a 2nd messenger

105
Q

Humor

A

Fluid that maintains the shape of the eyeball

106
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

107
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

108
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening in middle of iris

109
Q

Retina

A

Converts light into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain

110
Q

Auditory canal

A

Ear canal where sound enters

111
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid-filled part of inner ear that sends nerve impulses to brain

112
Q

Ear bones

A

Ear bones

113
Q

Ear bones

A

Hammer, anvil, stirrup; transmits vibrations from eardrum to oval window

114
Q

Eustachian tube

A

=lizard pressure b/w environment and inner ear

115
Q

Oval window

A

Sends waves of pressure to cochlea

116
Q

Semi circular canals

A

Fluid filled, helps maintain balance

117
Q

Tympanum

A

Ear drum, vibrates as sound waves hit

118
Q

Analogous structures

A

Have same function but is not evidence of a common ancestry

119
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Occurs when a pop becomes isolated and is exposed to new selected pressures, causing it to evolve into a new species

120
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar adaptations made due to a similar environment, not because of relation

121
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after divergence from a common ancestor

122
Q

Coevolution

A

The mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species

123
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor

124
Q

Ancient earth

A

NO FREE OXYGEN

CH4, NH3, H2O, N2

125
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Doesn’t make their own food

126
Q

Heterotroph hypothesis

A

First cells in earth were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes

127
Q

Lamarck

A

Inheritance of acquired traits; relied on use and disuse

128
Q

Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge

A

Theory of punctuated =librium

129
Q

Oparin and Haldane

A

Hypothesized that organic molecules could form in early earth

130
Q

Cellulose

A

Makes up plant cell walls

131
Q

Chitin

A

Makes up exoskeleton in arthropods & cell walls in mushrooms

132
Q

Starch

A

The way plants store carbs

133
Q

Glycogen

A

“Animal starch” stored in liver/skeletal muscle

Sat Biology (2 decks)

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