formative 6+7

Question 1

what hormone stimulates the lactiferous duct system to grow at puberty

Answer 1

oestrogen

after menarche progesterone induces further ductal growth + development of the rudimentary lobules at the end of the ducts

Question 2

what is the most common histological type of breast cancer?

Answer 2

invasive ductal carcinoma

(1 in 8 women get breast cancer)

Question 3

A 53 year old female patient has been recalled after her first screening mammogram showing extensive microcalcifications in the inner quadrant of her left breast.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 3

ductal carcinoma in situ

recancerous state if untreated will develop invasive focus of ductal carcinoma. Malignant appearing microcalcifications diagnostic for DCIS. Nevertheless core biopsy require of suspicious area in the left breast

Question 4

A 28 year old woman presents with a painless, firm, discrete, mobile mass, which has a solid appearance on ultrasound scan.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 4

sclerosing adenosis

Sclerosis adenosis is a benign condition of the breast lobules. Appearance on mammography can look similar to an infiltrating cancer

Question 5

side effects of adjuvant breast radiotherapy

Answer 5

brachial plexopathy
pulmonary fibrosis
fatigue
localised skin retraction

Question 6

normal finding in an examination of an infant

Answer 6

dry cracked skin on trunk
ability to elicit an atonic neck reflex

Question 7

A previously well newborn term infant on the postnatal ward is noticed to be breathing quickly and feeding poorly. Which condition[s] might be considered in your differential diagnosis?

Answer 7

group B strep infection

Question 8

normal vital signs of a newborn

Answer 8

Heart rate - 100-160
resp rate - 30-60
diastolic BP - 60-90
systolic BP = 30-60

temp - 36.5-37.5

Question 9

Why is a ductus arteriosus necessary in a fetus?

Answer 9

To oxygenate the fetal venous return using the RIGHT ventricle

Question 10

recognised health benefit to an infant of breast feeding? They are less likely to develop:

Answer 10

eczema

including decreased diarrhoea and vomiting, fewer chest and ear infections, less constipation, less obesity and therefore developing diabetes and less chance of eczema

Question 11

in what obstetric incidences might a datix need to be filled out

Answer 11

massive PPH
shoulder dystocia
3rd degree perinal tear