foreign policy + indiv 2 Flashcards
england continetal wars
england on a island-effective army costly to assembly to continent.
the eng navy took pritority mainataining due to eng first line of deffecne/attack which meant army negelcted
charles allied with netherlands/denmark- send 30k a month
30years war(protv cath)
started with open window 3 catholics being thrown out. eng feautured every now and then and then due to geogriphacal correlations/military differences so hard for them to join
in early 17th c eng made series of disastorus expeditons
fruitless excursions aswell as futile voyages which gratley cost the country financially and politcially blunder after blunder.
blunder 1:tacticall error-the madrid escape 1623
propose marirge between charles and maria dunne of spain-j.1 wanted to be peace maker of europe(extremely unpopular with hosue fo commons as cath+prot marrige)
bludner 1: allaince was to go ahead but certain conditons had to be met-
+CHANGE
spain-not involve with ireland insurections agsint royal rule
eng-stop privaterring in spanish americna water
a dowry of 500k granted.
however marrige treaty change: charles could only marry if reacnoucned anti cath penal laws.
blunder 2:the french marrige treaty 1624 henrettia maria
more popular with the english-anti hapsberg military allaince-negotions were promising-buckingham willing to make concessions.
french marrige treaty signed that
henrettia maria -children/servents permitted to practice religon freely
childreen educated as catholics
catholics granted tolerance and penal laws/recusansy relaxed- add to prot fears/anger parleiment
blunder 3: war with spain 1624-30
parliemnt 1624 funds to go war with spain-140k, 500k spent of prep navy for war however still insfienctly prepared- mansfiield epxedition1624/5, cadiz expediitn 1625
mansifeld expedition
3k french calvary, 12k eng soilders set of to palatine
louis xIII refucsed to land at calais due to fear of spanish reprocusions
docked at united provinences instead but severly lacked provisional for later troops -disease was rife 600/12k reutrn
cadiz expedition:
organised by buckhingajm- fleet set sail for cadiz but cadiz prepared - eng couldnt get into the town so eng captured fort outside town. no food/drink- found wine- so drunk fired upon eachother or left behdin when spanish troops arrived. humilaitaion-buckingam balme/parliemnt furious . the next expediton didnt even make it to spainsih coastline due to weather
blunder 4: declidning relations with france 1625-6-
maria permitted to bring ctaholic retinue with her-distace eg french inflcuece church/catholic preists) asdked to leave 1526. treaty-penal laws supposed to be relaxed but made stricter eg fines due to pressure from palriemnt
further deteriating relations eng/france
embarsement from eng who suported french agsint huguenots
louis x111 required a loan of eng ships to squash uprising in la rochelle. the english (prot) supplied ships to french(ctaholic)to destroy huguenots(french prot). in hopes they would help him/turn attentions towards hapsburg and assit eng)
ANGLO FRENCH WAR
BLUNDER 5: war with france
spain and fracne conlcuded their war in intaly, france focused mor eon trading prots in new world(bad for eng). charles+buck schemed to get rid of minister by helping enemies.
la rochelle expedition 1627
june 1627- 100 ships led by bukchinham attempted to incite rebellion
la rochelle initially refused to be ally but did in septemebr. english turned attention to saint maritn de re
whole expedition turned into bigger farce than cadiz/mansfield. their scalling ladders 5feet too short to scale the walls = fialed to achieve anuthing/forced t retreta
conclsuion of wars
all these wars dmeonstarted eng adminsitration not capable to sustain war efort . charles forced to sue for peace(lack miliatry sucess/principle advisor dead)
treaty f susa-eng/france- agree eahc side not interfere with eachother affairs
treaty madrid-eng agreed to work for peace with spain/dutch whilst spain would help restore fredrick to palatine
start of reign was compounded by bungled military expeditions at appalling expense
money being granted to expeditions with no return of them. insuffienct funds had inevitable effect on success of foreign enterprises.
royal finance:
monarch usually pay for upkeep of won household, court and gov from private income = ordinary revenue.
royal finance difficult
to keep up with due to cost of gov/inflation. mad monarch reliant on subsides which only voted by parleimnt
order:
king called parleimennt for money
paliment expect explanation
parliament holding granting until grievances adressed
dilemma with royal prerogative v pp
implication for crown finance: 1st palriemtn 1625: due to amount of money foreign policy costing=
royal offers exhausted like palriemnt patience.
implication for crown finance: 1st palriemtn 1625: palriemnt only granted t+p
it wa usually lifelong and c.1 expect 1m but only got 140k- 2 subsides. Charles continued to call at custom duties without pp- forced loan.
implication for crown finance: 1st palriemtn 1625- still left short for money after force loan
had to rely on queens dowry for Cadiz expeditions (120k)- already 1m in debt when came to throne
implication for crown finance: 2nd palriemtn 1626: called upon due to
to call for more funds (war against Spain)- to which focus turned to buck impeachment due to misaporopate state funds. = to keep his fav advisor forced to dissolve 1/2nd without granted permission
implications for crown: c.1
looking to be incompetent to military failures on continent. abuse of royal power with tax and emergence measures= question relation with palriemnt
implications for crown : Buckingham
as high lord admiral- was incompetent leader as wasted huge sums of money ad deteriorated diplomatic relations with much needed foreign countries.
implications for crown : Buckingham called to be impeached several occasions
main reason 1/2nd pearleimtn dissolved. of the men that served buckahm 50k , 1/3 died during expeditions
