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ASTC > Fly A > Flashcards

Fly A Flashcards

1
Q

cloud cover

A

the fraction of the sky (celestial dome) covered by clouds.

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2
Q

What is the could cover measured in

A

/8, oktas

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3
Q

METAR

A

meteorological aviation report

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4
Q

WMO

A

World Meteorological Organization

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5
Q

cloud ceiling

A

the altitude of the cloud base for the lowest cloud coverage below 20, 000 ft, bigger than or equal to 5 oktas

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6
Q

obscured sky

A

there are clouds that the observer on the ground can’t see.

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7
Q

what is used instead of a cloud ceiling when the sky is obscured

A

vertical visibility (VV)

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8
Q

0/8 oktas

A

clear

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9
Q

1/8 or 2/8 oktas

A

few

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10
Q

3/8 or 4/8 oktas

A

scattered

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11
Q

5/8, 6/8 or 7/8 oktas

A

broken

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12
Q

8/8 oktas

A

overcast

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13
Q

9/8 oktas

A

obscured

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14
Q

what happens when you observe clouds from a slanted/oblique angle

A

there will appear to be more cloud coverage than there really is

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15
Q

AGL

A

above ground level

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16
Q

VFR

A

visual flight rules

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17
Q

Why do VFR pilots care about cloud ceilings

A

because VFR flights’ vision will be obstructed if they fly higher than the ceiling, so they must fly below it.

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18
Q

If the cloud ceiling is too low, what do VFR pilots do?

A

Not fly

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19
Q

IFR

A

Instrument flight rules

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20
Q

Why do IFR flights care about cloud ceilings

A

to be able to safely land at airports

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21
Q

How are ceilings measured

A
  • ceilometers
  • laser ceilometers
  • ceiling ballons
  • pilot reports
  • weather-observer estimates
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22
Q

CAVOK

A

ceiling and visibility are OK

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23
Q

what are the 3 types of aviation visibilities

A

horizontal visibilities, vertical visibilities and slant visibilities

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24
Q

which visibility is measured/reported at airports

A

horizontal

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25
Q

how do you measure visibility

A

transmissometers or light-scatter instruments

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26
Q

RVR

A

runway visual range, how far ahead a pilot can see horizontally along a runway centerline.

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27
Q

visual flight rules

A

fly by looking out the window

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28
Q

VMC or VFC

A

visual meteorological conditions or visual flight conditions, weather that is good enough for VFR.

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29
Q

what happens to a VFR pilot who flies into clouds

A
  • can’t determine if aircraft is rightside up/lose control
  • get lost
  • panic
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30
Q

MVFR

A

marginally visual flight, VFR is allowed but visibility is poor and/or cloud ceiling is low

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31
Q

instrument flight rules

A
  • navigate by GPS

- follow directions/clearances from air-traffic control

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32
Q

what are IFR pilots required to do before they fly

A

file a flight plan with ATC.

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33
Q

IFC or IMC

A

instrument flight conditions or instrument meteorological conditions.

34
Q

why do IFR pilots have to stay out of thunderstorms and volcanic ash

A

violent turbulence, ash that can disrupt engines

35
Q

VFR over the top

A

flying on top of the cloud ceiling, which is clear

36
Q

airspaces

A

the air above the earth’s surface divided into regions

37
Q

atmospheric stability

A

whether air will become or stay turbulent

38
Q

turbulent

A

unstable static stability

39
Q

non-turbulent/laminar

A

stable static stability

40
Q

static stability

A

dense cool air is lower than less-dense warmer air in atmosphere

41
Q

why does unstable air cause turbulence

A

the atmosphere “turns over” to have the warm air on top and cool air on the bottom.

42
Q

air parcels

A

vertically moving blobs of air

43
Q

adiabatic lapse rate

A

temperature change for air parcels, 9.8 degrees celsius/km

44
Q

statically stable conditions

A
  • near ground at night
  • air is nonturbulent
  • if air is forced over a mountain, it sinks past original altitude when coming down the other side, then rises again to cause a wave.
  • frost/fog can form
  • wind shear can cause turbulence
45
Q

statically neutral conditions

A
  • overcast conditions where wind is strong
  • slightest wind shear causes turbulence
  • air hitting mountain = turbulence downwind.
46
Q

statically unstable conditions

A
  • sunny days, light winds
  • thermals of warm air rise
  • cumulus clouds form at top of thermals
  • thunderstorms can form
47
Q

CAPE

A

Convective Available Potential Energy index, measures how violent a thunderstorm would be

48
Q

K index

A

indicates rain intensity of thunderstorms

49
Q

sounding

A

weather conditions at various heights.

50
Q

rawinsondes

A

weather balloons with radio transmitters to determine temperature soundings.

51
Q

front

A

boundary between warmer and cooler air

52
Q

cold front

A

cold air advances

53
Q

warm front

A

cold air retreats

54
Q

stationary front

A

boundary doesn’t move

55
Q

occluded front

A

cold front catches up and merges with warm front

56
Q

frontogenesis

A

birth of a new front

57
Q

frontolysis

A

death of an old front

58
Q

squall line

A

line of thunderstorms not along a front

59
Q

which clouds are found at cold fronts

A

cumuliform clouds

60
Q

which clouds are found at/ahead of warm fronts

A

stratiform clouds

61
Q

what are the 2 types of occluded fronts

A

cold and warm

62
Q

cold occlusion

A

advancing cold front has colder air retreating ahead of warm front

63
Q

dry line

A

boundary between dry and humid air of the same temperature.

64
Q

which front causes thunderstorms

A

cold fronts

65
Q

thunderstorm cell

A

individual part that makes up the thunderstorm, usually 12 km in depth/diameter.

66
Q

What are the 4 stages of cell evolution

A

1) cumulus
2) mature
3) dissipating
4) residue

67
Q

cumulus cell

A

updrafts, no rain, no anvil. not visible on rader

68
Q

anvil

A

horizontally extended upper part of cloud

69
Q

mature cell

A

updrafts, downdrafts, raining, anvil, most violent, visible on radar

70
Q

dissipating cell

A

downdrafts, raining, ice crystals, not very visible on radar

71
Q

residue cell

A

not official stage, ice crystals haven’t evaporated.

72
Q

3 types of thunderstorms

A

1) basic storms
2) mesoscale convective systems (MCS)
3) supercells

73
Q

3 types of basic storms

A
  • single cell
  • multicell
  • orographic
74
Q

4 types of MCS

A
  • squall line
  • bow echo
  • mesoscale convective complex (MCC)
  • mesoscale convective vortex (MCV)
75
Q

3 types of supercells

A
  • low precipitation
  • classic
  • high precipitation
76
Q

convective clouds

A

driven by buoyancy of rising warm air.

77
Q

AWWS

A

aviation weather web site, data for canada

78
Q

AWC

A

aviation weather center, data for US

79
Q

SPECI

A

a METAR that occurs between the hourly reports

80
Q

TAF

A

terminal aerodrome forecast, for pilots

ASTC (6 decks)

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