Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EVOLUTION > FINAL (THINGS I NEED TO REVIEW) > Flashcards

FINAL (THINGS I NEED TO REVIEW) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of evolution

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what did Jean-Baptists Lamarck do

A
  1. 1st to publicly suggest species had changed over time
  2. mechanism of change: acquired characteristics during lifetime are passed onto offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who is the father of modern geology

A

James Hutton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did james hutton state

A

“earth is continuously being formed and reformed”

“earth is much older than we thought”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did Charles Lyell discover

A

Pillars of Pozzuoli: pierced by marine bivalve, columns have been underwater at one time, raised back up by volcanic eruption

Determined present earth can be used to understand past geological events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what did Erasmus Darwin discover

A

studied animals and said all life descended from a “single living filament”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what did Alfred Russel Wallace discover

A
  1. noted differences in species in lands geographically separated but near one another
  2. wrote his ideas of natural selection during a malaria fever dream and sent Darwin letters about it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is Charles Darwin known for

A

theory of evolution by natural selection “On the Origin of Species”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what were the key observations Darwin made on the H.M.S. Beagle

A
  1. Earthquake in Conception Chile (reminded him of pillars)
  2. Marine fossils found in Andes Mountains
  3. Extinct creatures of Glytodon (giant relatives of armadillos)
  4. turtles, land/marines iguanas, and finches on the Galapagos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is common descent

A

all life can be traced back to a common ancestor (LUCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a paradigm shift

A

fundamental change in the way we think about the study of nature (the origins of diversity of life and relationships between species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is uniformitarianism

A

slow processes over long stretches of time can produce vast changes in the earth. same geological processes observable today have been dating throughout Earth’s history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is descent with modification

A

the evolutionary process by which species change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the original source of variation in a population

A

mutation (can be neutral, bad, or good)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do peacock feathers show trade off

A

BENEFIT: large brighter feathers = have more eye spots = more attractive to females

NEGATIVE: larger/brighter feather = worse at flying and more visible to predator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do ancient arthropods clutches represent tradeoffs

A

FEWER/LARGER EGGS
Benefit: large eggs = fight off predators when fully grown
Negative: small clutches = only few offspring to pass on genes

LARGER/SMALLER EGGS
Benefit: large clutches = greater chance that at least a couple eggs can survive predators and pass on genes
Negative: small eggs = not able to fight off predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why does natural selection not result in a perfect organism

A
  1. lack of genetic variation
  2. physical constraints
  3. developmental constraints
  4. natural selection lacks foresight and environment is always changing (can’t keep up)
    - favors traits that are immediately beneficial not traits for the future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is norm of reaction

A

curve representing phenotype for a particular genotype given a range of environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is an adaptation

A

inherited trait that increases an individual’s fitness in its abiotic and biotic environment. become more common in populations via natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is an exaptation

A

trait that currently serves one function today, but which evolved from a trait that served a different function in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the domestication syndrome

A

suite of characteristics including
1. floppy ears
2. short/curly tails
3. juvenilized facial and body features
4. reduced stress hormones
5. mottled fur
6. long reproductive seasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the neural crest cell hypothesis

A

selection for tame behavior results in a reduction of the number of neural crest cells migrating to diff parts of body. leads to domestication syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the smallest biological unit that evolves

A

population (NOT INDIVIDUALS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

variations in phenotype may result from

A

genes alone
environment alone
mix of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is flight distance

A

how far an animal will flee from a threat before taking action
- dogs shorter flight = gets closer to humans
(animal’s willingness to take risks when threatened)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an evolutionary trade off

A

constraints may prevent simultaneous optimization of two traits, or different aspects of an individual trait (positive and negative at the same time)

27
Q

what were Belyaev’s 2 hypothesis on fox farm experiment

A
  1. ALL animal domestication events involved human selection to choose most tame animals towards humans
  2. ALL traits in the domestication syndrome somehow genetically linked to genes associated with tameness
28
Q

who was Lysenko and what did he do

A
  1. pseudo-scientific charlatan who was member of Soviet Union Communist party (under Stalin)
  2. falsified experimental data on grain crops
  3. discredited work in Mendelian genetics (resulting in firing of thousands of geneticists); tried to shut down Institute of Cytology and Genetics
29
Q

who made sure Lysenko didn’t shut down the Institute of Cytology and Genetics

A

Khrushchev’s daughter Rada knew Lysenko was a fraud. She convinced her father to let the institute remain open

30
Q

How did the study sites differ in the mountain streams for guppies?

A

the sites above waterfalls = lower predation

sites below waterfalls = higher predation

31
Q

What was observed when guppies were moved from high to low-predation sites?

A

females produced fewer offspring that were larger

32
Q

what type of offspring does selection favor in low predation vs. high predation

A

high predation = many, small young

low predation = few, larger young

33
Q

what is taxonomic rank from most general to most specific

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

  1. Domain (most general)
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species (most specific)
34
Q

what is a node

A

where branches split; indicate common ancestor of taxa after splint point

35
Q

what are branches

A

different evolutionary lineages

36
Q

what is sister taxa

A

base of tree; represents common ancestor to all taxa on tree (LUCA)

37
Q

what is a monophyletic/polyphyletic/paraphyletic group

A

mono = includes common ancestor and ALL its descendants (and no others); represents descend with modification

poly = “many”; includes organism from multiple ancestral lineages but NOT include common ancestor

para = “beside”; groups of organisms are left out from all other descendants of common ancestor; common ancestor included but NOT ALL descendants

38
Q

what’s an ancestral character

A

the trait present in common ancestor

39
Q

what’s a derived trait

A

all other variant forms of the character that arose later within the group

40
Q

what is Linnean hierarchy

A

hierarchical system for classifying organisms (each organism given a unique name)

41
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the science of naming organisms

42
Q

what is a scientific name

A

formal name for a species that consists of two words (genus + specific epithet)

43
Q

what is a phylogeny

A

phylogenetic tree = visualization of branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendant populations over time

44
Q

what is polytomy

A

node with more than two branches arising from it that indicates UNCERTAINTY/UNRESOLVED LINEAGES

45
Q

what is a homologous trait

A

character similarity results from common ancestry (NEEDED WHEN CONSTRUCTING PHYLOGENIES)

46
Q

what is a analogous trait

A

superficial similarities that arise via different evolutionary lineages (often convergent evolution); misrepresents common descent (homoplasy)

47
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

2 or more populations or species evolve similar traits due to similar selective pressures

48
Q

how did Darwin think traits were inherited? was he correct?

A

inherited by pangenesis: units of inheritance between parents and offspring gemmules; thought parents broke off parts of body (gemmules) and passed to egg then embryo

INCORRECT: traits are passed on through the inheritance of genes through chromosomes (genetic inheritance) NOT BLENDING OF GEMMULES

49
Q

what is Mendel’s monohybrid and dihybrid cross

A

monohybrid = F2 = 3:1 = bases for Law of Segregation

dihybrid = F1 = 9:3:3:1 instead of 3:1 = basis for Law of Independent Assortment

50
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

each cell contains two copies of a gene. these alleles are segregated from each other in gamete formation (each gamete gets one member of the pair) NO BLENDED INHERITANCE

51
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

alleles for different genes are inherited independently of each other
- TRUE = linked loci of DIFF chromosome
- NOT TRUE = linked loci close together on SAME CHROMO

52
Q

what is the order of earliest to latest to the contributions of genetics/inheritance/molecular bio? (hint: 6 contributors)

A

EARLIEST = Darwin 1859: On the Origin of Species (inheritance key ingrediant for nat. select.)

  1. Mendel 1866: experiments on plant hybridization (F2 = 3:1 = segregation law; F1 = 9:3:3:1 = assortment)
  2. Darwin 1868: The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication = pangenesis = units of inheritance b/w parents and offspring as gemmules
  3. Wilheim Johannsen 1909: coined term gene for hereditary factors; got name from Darwin’s idea of pangenesis
  4. Thomas Hunt Morgan 1910: analyzed mutant fly and saw eye color and sex were both tied to chromosomes; genes located on chromosome and some are linked
  5. Hershey and Chase 1952: showed DNA was molecule of hereditary; DNA entered bacteriophage NOT proteins
  6. Franklin, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins 1953: discovered DNA structure (double stranded; strands = antiparallel = complementary) and consisted of deoxyribose sugar/phosphate group/nitrogenous bases
53
Q

what is epigenetics

A

heritable mechanisms that alter gene expression WITHOUT altering underlying DNA sequence (changes to gene expression can be heritable even though DNA sequence was not altered)

54
Q

what are the 4 major sources of genetic variation in a pop.

A
  1. MUTATION (MAJOR)
  2. recombination
  3. migration
  4. lateral gene transfer (especially bacteria pops.
55
Q

what is a point mutation? what is synonymous and non-synonymous

A

single base change
synonymous = amino acid is the SAME after mutation
non-synonymous = protein sequence that DIFFERS from og sequence; codes diff amino acids

56
Q

what is a gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for protein (trait)

57
Q

what is transcription

A

DNA -> mRNA (carried out by RNA polymerases)
complementary RNA strand built from DNA template (U instead of T)

58
Q

what is a codon

A

series of 3 RNA nucleotides that codes for one of the amino acids

59
Q

what is translation

A

mRNA -> protein (string of amino acids built from mRNA code)

60
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

presence of abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. can lead to genetic disorders and developmental issues

61
Q

what is the thrifty gene hypothesis

A

fetuses that experience poor nutrition develop “thrifty” metabolisms that are much more efficient at hoarding energy

62
Q

what was the epigenetic effect in the agouti mice

A

2 group = control and pregnant mice; control was fed normal diet and pregnant mice got diet that contained vitamins. when fat yellow female mice mated with fat yellow male mice they got thin brown babies

vitamins triggered DNA methylation which suppressed expression of the agouti gene responsible for the yellow coat and obesity

63
Q

Michael Meany’s studies on rat behavior showed that (check all that apply)
A. interactions between rat mothers and their offspring affected the mother’s ability to handle stress

B. rat pups whose mothers were attentive (licked them/interacted positively with them) grew into calm adult rats who were able to handle stress well

C. rat pups whose mothers ignored them grew into adult rats who handled stress poorly

D. when rat pups whose biological mother was negligent were given a surrogate mother who was attentive, they still grew into adults who handled stress poorly

E. personality (anxious or calm) in rats is determined solely by genetics

F. rats pups whose mothers were attentive had reduced methylation of genes involved in brain development

A

B. rat pups whose mothers were attentive (licked them/interacted positively with them) grew into calm adult rats who were able to handle stress well

C. rat pups whose mothers ignored them grew into adult rats who handled stress poorly

F. rats pups whose mothers were attentive had reduced methylation of genes involved in brain development

EVOLUTION (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions